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Semester 4 - Reproductive System > Session 3 - Puberty and the Menopause > Flashcards

Session 3 - Puberty and the Menopause Flashcards

1
Q

When are primary sexual characteristics established?

A

Before birth

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2
Q

In which gender does puberty begin first?

A

In females

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3
Q

When does male puberty begin?

A

9-14 years of age

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4
Q

Give six key changes in males at puberty

A 
o	Genital development begins
o	Pubic hair growth (Adrenarche)
o	Spermatogenesis begins
o	Growth spurt (10cm/year)
o	Genitalia adult
o	Pubic hair adult
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5
Q

How many stages are there in male puberty?

A

5

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6
Q

In general, what two things measure male puberty?

A

Genital development

Pubic hair

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7
Q

What are the three main “arche” of female development

A

Thelarche
Adrenarche
Menarche

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8
Q

What is the thelarche?

A

The breast bud

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9
Q

WEhat is the adrenarche? When does it begin?

A

Pubic hair growth

9.5 - 14.5

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10
Q

What is menarche? When does it begin?

A

Onset of menstrual cycle

12.25 -12.5 years

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11
Q

What are the four main features of female puberty

A

o Breast bud (Thelarche) – the first sign that puberty has begun.
o Pubic hair growth (Adrenarche) (9.5 – 14.5)
o Growth spurt (9cm/year) (12)
o Onset of menstrual cycles (12.25 – 12.5) (Menarche)

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12
Q

What hormonal factors is the start of puberty associated with?

A

Pulsatile GnRH secretion leads to steady rise in FSH and LH.

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13
Q

Why does GnRH rise at the start of puberty? (2 possible reasons)

A

Rise in GnRH due to reduced sensitivity to -‘ve feedback by steroids
OR
Maturation of central secretory mechanisms

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14
Q

Why are boys larger than girls?

A

Growth spurt longer and slightly faster in males than in females

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15
Q

How does the growth spurt end?

A

Both sexes by epiphyseal fusion

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16
Q

What is the most critical factor in timing the onset of puberty?

A

Body weight

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17
Q

What is the critical weight for start of menarche?

A

47kg
If body weight falls significantly below this the reproductive cycle ceases
Signalled to brain by leptin from adipose tissue

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18
Q

What is growth spurt start weight in a) males and b) females

A

a) Males - 55kg

b) Females - 30kg

19
Q

What is the adrenarche dependent on in a) males and b) females

A

a) Males - Testosterone

b) Females - Androgens in females

20
Q

Why do girls have a shorter growth spurt than males?

A

Oestrogen closes epiphyses earlier in girls. Oestrogen is needed to initiate the growth spurt, but once levels reach a certain point it causes the epiphyses to fuse.

21
Q

Why has the age of menarche decreased over the past 200 years?

A

Better nutritiion - menarche triggered by weight gain (47kg)

22
Q

What does the pineal gland detect?

A

Light

23
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin, which is theorised to induce puberty.

24
Q

What is the significance of pineal tumours?

A

Can influence puberty in humans

25
Q

What is precocious puberty?

A

Early activation of puberty
Before 8 in girls
Before 9 in boyrs

26
Q

What two neurological causes of precocious puberty?

A

Pineal tumours

Meningitis

27
Q

Give an endocrine causes of precocious puberty

A

Uncontrolled gonadotrophin or steroid secretion

from hormone secreting tumours

28
Q

Give a lifestyle cause of precocious puberty

A

Obesity

Increased leptin secretion from adipose tissue

29
Q

Why are men larger than women?

A

Growth spurt is longer and faster

30
Q

What is growth spurt dependent on

A

Growth hormone and steroids in both sexes

31
Q

What is the thelarche dependent on?

A

Dependent on oestrogen

Gynaecomastia can occur as a result of conversion of testosterone to oestrogen in adipose tissue

32
Q

What is the development of male genitalia dependent on?

A

Testosterone

33
Q

What is the pre-menopause?

Three changes involved

A

Occurs at ?40 years
Involves changes in menstrual cycle including
- Shortened follicular phase with early or absent ovulation
- Less oestrogen secretion
- Less -‘ve feedback, so LH and FSH levels rise
- FSH rises more due to loss of inhibin
Reduced fertility

34
Q

What is the menopause?

A

Cessastion of menstrual cycles at around 49-50. Occurs when female runs out of follicles.

35
Q

What are the main hormonal changes that take place in the menopause?

A

Less -‘ve feedback from oestrogen so LH and FSH levels rise

FSH rises dramatically

36
Q

What are the three mains sites of menopausal effects?

A

Vascular
Oestrogen sensitive tissues
Bone

37
Q

What occurs in vascular tissue in the menopause

A

Hot flushes

Transient rise in skin temperature

38
Q

How can hot flushes be relieved in the menopause?

A

Oestrogen administration

39
Q

Name 6 changes in oestrogen sensitive tissues due to menopause

A 
o	Uterus
o	Thinning of cervix
o	Vaginal rugae lost
o	Involution of some breast tissue
o	Changes in skin
o	Reduction in bladder tone
40
Q

Give three effects of menopause specific to the uterus

A

Regression of endometrium
Shrinkage of myometrium
Shrinks away into a very small organ

41
Q

What happens to bone post-menopause?

A

o Bone mass reduces by 2.5% per year for several years
o Increased reabsorption relative to production
o Osteoporosis
 Much greater in some than others
 Major reason for fractures in later life
 Can be limited by Oestrogen therapy

42
Q

What is hormone replacement therapy?

A

Hormones administered to relieve symptoms of menopause

43
Q

How is HRT adminstered?

A

Orally or topically be patch or gel

44
Q

What are the two main benefits of HRT?

A

Can limit osteoporosis

Relieves menopause syptoms

Semester 4 - Reproductive System (30 decks)

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