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CNS Anatomy > Sheet 7 > Flashcards

Sheet 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the brain stem consist of?

A

1) Medulla oblongata (most inferior, just
superior to the spinal cord)
2) Pons
3) Midbrain (most superior)

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2
Q

The fourth ventricle is the cavity of the

hindbrain. It has:

A

1) Floor (anteriorly) related to the pons and medulla oblongata.
2) Roof (posteriorly) related to the cerebellum.

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3
Q

The brain stem is a passage for:

A

1) The ascending (DCMLT & ALST)

2) The descending tracts (LCST)

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4
Q

The midbrain gives rise to which cranial nerves?

A

1) CN3

2) CN4

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5
Q

The mid-pontine area of the pons gives rise to which cranial nerves?

A

CN5

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6
Q

The pontomedullary junction of the pons gives rise to which cranial nerves?

A

1) CN6
2) CN7
3) CN8

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7
Q

The medulla oblongata gives rise to which cranial nerves?

A

1) CN9
2) CN10
3) CN11
4) CN12

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8
Q

The brainstem has which kind of nuclei?

A

1) Sensory
2) Motor
3) Parasympathetic
(Brainstem does not have sympathetic nuclei).

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9
Q

What does the brainstem have in the core?

A

Vital centers in reticular formation

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10
Q

What do the vital centers do?

A

Controls basic functions such as cardiovascular and respiratory functions

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11
Q

Which nerve is the only nerve that arises from the posterior aspect of the
brainstem (midbrain)?

A

The trochlear nerve (CN4)

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12
Q

Which nerve is the only nerve that arises from the groove found between the olive and the pyramid (anterolateral groove)?

A

The hypoglossal nerve (CN12)

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13
Q

Which nerves all arise from the groove between the inferior cerebellar peduncle and the olive (posterolateral groove)

A

1) The glossopharyngeal (CN9)
2) Vagus (CN10)
3) Accessory (CN11)

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14
Q

What is the pons?

A

A bridge that connects the cerebrum and cerebellum

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15
Q

What are the 2 pyramids found in medulla oblongata

separated by?

A

The anterior median fissure

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16
Q

Where is the olive found? What is its function?

A

On either side of pyramid; Motor function

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17
Q

What can we find deep to the olive?

A

The olivary nuclear complex

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18
Q

Medulla oblongata is divided into 4 levels/sections (inferior to superior):

A

1) Level of decussation of pyramids (most inferior) (motor decussation) (closed
medulla)
2) Level of decussation of lemnisci (sensory decussation) (closed medulla)
3) Level of olives (opened medulla)
4) Level Just Inferior to the Pons (There is a little difference between 3 and 4 so they can be considered as one section)

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19
Q

What are the boundaries of the 4th ventricle (cavity of the hindbrain)?

A

Anteriorly: by pons and medulla oblongata.
Posteriorly: by cerebellum.
Floor (rhomboid -diamond-shaped): related to pons and upper part of medulla

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20
Q

The medulla oblongata is divided into 2 halves:

A

1) Lower half: Called closed medulla because it has a small cavity called central canal
2) Upper half: Called opened medulla because it has a large cavity called
4th ventricle.

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21
Q

The cavity of the section at the level of decussation of pyramids (motor decussation) is:

A

The central canal (closed medulla)

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22
Q

What is anterior to the central canal at the level of decussation of pyramids?

A

Primary pyramidal decussation which is for the fibers in the pyramid in descending tract, called lateral corticospinal fibers.

23
Q

What is posterior to the central canal at the level of decussation of pyramids?

A

The nucleus gracilis (medially) and nucleus cuneatus (laterally) and their fasciculi posterior to them. This is where the synapse of the 1st order neurons and 2nd order neurons of the posterior column-medial lemniscal pathway occurs. The fasciculi are found toward outside (white matter) and the nuclei (gray matter) are found inside the section.

24
Q

What is posterolateral to the central canal (lateral to the nucleus cuneatus) at the level of decussation of pyramids?

A

The spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve

25
Q

How many nuclei does the trigeminal nerve have?

A 
4 nuclei:
1 motor (motor nucleus of trigeminal)
3 sensory (according to modality)
26
Q

What are the sensory nuclei of the trigeminal nerve?

A

1) Spinal nucleus of trigeminal
2) Principle nucleus
3) Mesencephalic nucleus.

27
Q

What is the spinal nucleus of trigeminal responsible for?

A

Responsible for pain, temperature, and crude touch sensation (For head & neck only)

28
Q

The cavity of the section at the level of decussation of lemnisci (sensory decussation) is:

A

The central canal (closed medulla)

29
Q

What is anterior to the central canal at the level of decussation of lemnisci?

A

The lemniscal decussation

30
Q

Where does the crossing of the internal arcuate fibers occur?

A

Between the central canal (posterior) and the pyramid (anterior).

31
Q

What forms lemnsisci?

A

Internal arcuate fibers

32
Q

Spinal lemniscus is lateral to:

A

The decussation of the lemnisci

33
Q

What is visible at the level of olives (opened medulla)?

A

Inferior part of the 4th ventricle

34
Q

What is the most anterior structure at the level of olives (midline)?

A

Pyramid (right and left)

35
Q

What is found on the posterolateral corners at the level of olives?

A

The inferior cerebellar peduncle

36
Q

What does the inferior cerebellar peduncle do?

A

Connects the medulla oblongata with the cerebellum

37
Q

What passes through the inferior cerebellar peduncle?

A

The posterior spinocerebellar tract

38
Q

What are the midline structures at the level of olives?

A

1) Medial lemniscus (most anterior): Found posterior to the pyramid
2) Tectospinal tract: Found behind the medial lemniscus
3) Medial longitudinal fasciculus: Found on each side of the midline, anterior to the 12th nucleus (Posterior to the tectospinal tract)

39
Q

What are the midline structures at the level of olives made up of?

A

White matter

40
Q

What does the medial longitudinal fasciculus connect?

A

1) Connects the motor nuclei of oculomotor (CN3), trochlear (CN4), and abducent (CN6) nerves.

2) Connects the sensory nuclei of vestibular nerve (CN8), and even the upper cervical segments (which are responsible of
the muscles of the neck).

41
Q

What does the medial longitudinal fasciculus do?

A

Responsible for movement of the eyeball and maintenance of balance.

42
Q

The sensation associated with the vestibular nuclei is related to:

A

The sense of balance (it

detects your relation to gravity).

43
Q

What coordinates the movement of the eyeballs while moving the head in different directions?

A

The medial longitudinal fasciculus connecting the nerves responsible of eyeball movement with the vestibular nuclei

44
Q

Humans have bi-ocular vision. What does that mean?

A

That the eyeballs are synchronized with each other so they cannot look at opposite directions.

45
Q

What can be seen laterally at the level of olives?

A

Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve (extends up to the level of the mid-pontine area).

46
Q

What is responsible for the prominence of the olive?

A

The inferior olivary nucleus

47
Q

What does the inferior olivary nucleus contain?

A

Gray matter

48
Q

What does the inferior olivary nucleus communicate with?

A

The spinal cord, cerebellum, and cortex.

49
Q

What is the function of the inferior olivary nucleus?

A

Related to the voluntary skeletal muscle movement.

50
Q

Fibers that reach cerebellum are divided into 2 types:

A

1) Mossy fibers: like spinocerebellar tract.

2) Climbing fibers: From olive to cerebellum, for coordination of skeletal muscle movement.

51
Q

How many olivary nuclei are there? What do they form?

A

3:

1) Dorsal olivary nucleus
2) Medial olivary nucleus
3) Inferior olivary nucleus (most important & largest); Olivary nuclear complex.

52
Q

What is the area beneath the floor of the fourth ventricle known as?

A

The central gray matter.

53
Q

What is the Nucleus ambiguus? Where is it found?

A 
A motor nucleus for 3 cranial nerves:
1) The glossopharyngeal (CN9)
2) Vagus (CN10)
3) Accessory (CN11);
Found deep within the reticular formation
54
Q

The nucleus ambiguus is
elongated within the __.
It gives rise to the motor fibers of the 3 (cranial) nerves supplying:

A

Brainstem; striated muscle of the larynx, pharynx, and soft palate

CNS Anatomy (19 decks)

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