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CNS Anatomy > Anatomy 16 > Flashcards

Anatomy 16 Flashcards

1
Q

The white matter of the brain consists of:

A

1) Association fibers
2) Commissural fibers
3) Projection fibers

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2
Q

What do association fibers connect?

A

Different areas in the same hemisphere

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3
Q

What do commissural fibers connect?

A

Similar areas in the 2 hemispheres

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4
Q

What do projection fibers connect?

A

Fibers from and to the cerebral cortex

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of association fibers?

A

1) Long

2) Short

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6
Q

What do the short association fibers connect?

A

Adjacent gyri, forming U-shaped arcuate fibers in all parts of the hemisphere

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7
Q

What are the types of long association fibers?

A

1) Superior longitudinal bundle
2) Inferior longitudinal bundle
3) Cingulum
4) Uncinate Fasiculus

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8
Q

What does the superior longitudinal bundle connect?

A

Frontal, occipital, and temporal regions

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9
Q

Where does the inferior longitudinal bundle run?

A

From the temporal to the occipital poles.

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10
Q

Where does the cingulum begin and end? What does it connect?

A

Begins: Near rostrum of corpus callosum
Ends: In the uncus;
Connects them with the hippocampus and cingulate gyrus

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11
Q

Where is the cingulum found?

A

As an incomplete circle around the corpus callosum

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12
Q

Where does the Uncinate Fasiculus run?

A

From frontal to temporal poles

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13
Q

Where do the anterior commissural fibers cross?

A

The middle line within lamina terminalis

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14
Q

What do the anterior commissural fibers connect?

A

Both piriform fossae

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15
Q

What is the function of the anterior commissural fibers?

A

Acute pain and smell

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16
Q

Where are the posterior commissural fibers found?

A

Lower pineal stalk

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17
Q

What is the function of the posterior commissural fibers?

A

Pupillary light reflex

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18
Q

What do the posterior commissural fibers connect?

A

Superior colliculi and pretectal nuclei

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19
Q

Where are the Habenular commissural fibers found?

A

Superior to pineal stalk

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20
Q

What do the Habenular commissural fibers connect?

A

Right and left habenular nuclei

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21
Q

What are the Habenular commissural fibers connected to?

A

Amygdaloid nucleus

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22
Q

What is the function of the Habenular commissural fibers?

A

Center of integration of olfactory and visceral pathways

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23
Q

What are the Fornix commissural fibers?

A

Efferent fibers of hippocampus

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24
Q

What do the Fornix commissural fibers connect?

A

Crura and body of the fornix across both hippocampi

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25
Q

What are the 5 commissural fibers?

A

1) Anterior commissure
2) Posterior commissure
3) Habenular commissure
4) Fornix commissure
5) Corpus callosum

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26
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

The great (10 cm) transverse commissure

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27
Q

What does the corpus callosum connect?

A

The cerebral hemispheres and roofs (the lateral ventricle) (except any part of temporal lobes which are connected by the anterior commissure).

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28
Q

The corpus callosum is divided into 4 parts:

A

1) Rostrum
2) Genu
3) Body
4) Splenium

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29
Q

What do fibers of the Genu do?

A

Curve forwards to connect frontal lobes forming “Forceps minor”

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30
Q

What do fibers of the Splenium do?

A

Curve backwards to connect occipital lobes forming “Forceps Major”.

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31
Q

What is the Tapetum?

A

Fibers of body and splenium intersecting with corona radiata of the internal capsule.

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32
Q

What is the blood supply of the corpus callosum?

A

Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) EXCEPT the splenium by the posterior cerebral artery (PCA)

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33
Q

What do lesions in the corpus callosum cause?

A

1) Callosal Syndrome (split brain)

2) Apraxia

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34
Q

What are the projection fibers TO the cortex?

A

All thalamo-cortical fibers (thalamic radiation):

1) Sensory radiation
2) Anterior thalamic radiation
3) Visual radiation
4) Auditory radiation

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35
Q

Where does the Sensory radiation run?

A

From PLVNT to area 3,1,2 in the postcentral gyrus

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36
Q

Where does the Anterior thalamic radiation run?

A

From anterior thalamus to cingulate

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37
Q

Where does the Visual radiation run?

A

From lateral geniculate body to the visual area 17 in the occipital lobe

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38
Q

Where does the Auditory radiation run?

A

From the medial geniculate body to the auditory area in the temporal lobe

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39
Q

What are the projection fibers FROM the cortex?

A

1) Pyramidal tract
2) Extrapyramidal tracts
3) Cortico-pontine fibers
4) Cortico-thalamic fibers

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40
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

A V-shaped bundle of projection fibers between the thalamus, caudate, and lentiform nuclei.

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41
Q

Where does the internal capsule lie?

A

On medial surface of lentiform nucleus separating it from caudate above and thalamus below.

42
Q

Where is the internal capsule continuous?

A

1) Above as corona radiata

2) Below with crus cerebri of midbrain

43
Q

What is the internal capsule divided into?

A

1) Anterior limb
2) Genu
3) Posterior limb
4) Retrolentiform
5) Sublentiform

44
Q

What does the anterior limb of the internal capsule contain?

A

1) Descending Frontopontine (fronto-ponto-cerebellar) fibers

2) Ascending Thalamocortical (Anterior thalamic radiation) fibers

45
Q

Where do the Descending Frontopontine (fronto-ponto-cerebellar) fibers project from ?

A

The frontal cortex to pons

46
Q

What do the Ascending Thalamocortical (Anterior thalamic radiation) fibers connect?

A

The thalamus to the frontal lobes and cingulate gyrus

47
Q

What does the genu contain?

A

Corticobulbar fibers which run between the cortex and

the cranial nuclei in the brainstem.

48
Q

What does the posterior limb of the internal capsule contain?

A

1) Descending anterior half Corticospinal fibers

2) Ascending posterior half Sensory fibers (superior thalamic radiation)

49
Q

Where do the Descending anterior half Corticospinal fibers go?

A

From motor area 4 to AHCs in the spinal cord

50
Q

Where do the Ascending posterior half Sensory fibers (superior thalamic radiation) go?

A

From VP of thalamus to post central gyrus

51
Q

What does the retrolenticular part contain?

A

Fibers of the optic radiation (posterior thalamic radiation)

52
Q

What does the sublenticular part contain?

A

The auditory radiation (Inferior thalamic radiation).

53
Q

What does a lesion in the internal capsule cause?

A

Arterial/cerebral hemorrhage in high blood pressure patient (contralateral side)

54
Q

What is the blood supply of the anterior limb?

A

Striate branches of:

1) Anterior cerebral artery (including the longest branch: Recurrent artery of Heubner)
2) Middle cerebral artery

55
Q

What is the blood supply of the genu?

A

Striate branches of:
1) Anterior cerebral artery
2) Middle cerebral artery
+ Direct branches from the Internal carotid.

56
Q

What is the blood supply of the posterior limb?

A

Striate branches of:

1) Middle cerebral artery (including large Charcot artery of cerebral hemorrhage)
2) Anterior choroidal artery

57
Q

What is the blood supply of the sublentiform part?

A

Striate branches of:

1) Posterior cerebral artery
2) Anterior choroidal artery

58
Q

What is the blood supply of the retrolentiform part?

A

Striate branches from the Posterior cerebral artery

59
Q

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

A

1) Voluntary movement

2) Postural control

60
Q

What are the voluntary movement functions of the basal ganglia?

A

1) Initiation of movement
2) Change from one pattern to other
3) Programming and correcting movement while in progress
4) Learning skills (football,drawing,singing,…)

61
Q

What are the postural control functions of the basal ganglia?

A

1) Automatic associated movement (walking, dancing)

2) Control axial and girdle movements

62
Q

True or false:

The basal ganglia directly connects with the spinal cord and brain stem.

A

False; there is NO direct connection

63
Q

What are the subdivisions of the basal ganglia?

A

1) Neostriatum or Striatum
2) Pallio striatum or Pallidum
3) Lentiform nucleus
4) Archistiatum
5) Substantia nigra
6) Subthalamic nucleus
7) Claustrum

64
Q

What are the divisions of the Neostriatum or Striatum?

A

1) Putamen

2) Caudate nucleus

65
Q

What are the divisions of the Pallio striatum or Pallidum?

A

Globus pallidus

66
Q

What are the divisions of the Lentiform nucleus?

A

1) Putamen lateral

2) Globus Pallidus medial

67
Q

What are the divisions of the Archistiatum?

A

Amygdala

68
Q

What is the Caudate nucleus made up of?

A

1) C-shaped

2) Head, body, tail (Large head, tapering curved tail)

69
Q

Where are the parts of the caudate nucleus found?

A

1) Head: frontal lobe
2) Tail: occipital lobe
3) End of tail: temporal lobe

70
Q

Where does the caudate nucleus terminate?

A

In amygdaloid nucleus (roof of inferior horn of lateral ventricle)

71
Q

What does the head of the caudate nucleus form (lie?)?

A

The floor and lateral wall of anterior horn of the lateral ventricle

72
Q

What does the body of the caudate nucleus form?

A

The floor of central part of the lateral ventricle

73
Q

What does the tail of the caudate nucleus form (lie?)?

A

The roof of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle

74
Q

What is the lentiform nucleus?

A

A lens-like nucleus

75
Q

What are the 2 parts of the lentiform nucleus?

A

1) Putamen: Large lateral dark part
2) Globus Pallidus: Small medial pale part
(Subdivided into external and internal segments)

76
Q

What is the lentiform nucleus surrounded by?

A

1) External capsule (laterally) = separating it from claustrum
2) Internal capsule (medially)
= separating it from thalamus and caudate nucleus

77
Q

Where is the amygdaloid nucleus located?

A

In the temporal lobe (uncus)

connected to caudate tail.

78
Q

What is the function of the amygdaloid nucleus?

A

Part of the limbic system functionally = sense of fear and smell

79
Q

What does the amygdaloid nucleus give?

A

Axons of stria terminalis that curves on superior surface of thalamus and ends in hypothalamus.

80
Q

Where is the substantia nigra located?

A

Midbrain anterior to aqueduct

81
Q

What are the parts of the substantia nigra and their functions?

A

1) Pars compacta = Dopamine/inhibitory

2) Pars reticulata = Output to brain

82
Q

What is found in the subthalamic nuclei and what is its function?

A

Diencephalon = Glutamine/excitatory

83
Q

Where is the claustrum found and what is its function?

A

Lateral to lentiform nucleus. Lies between external and extreme capsules; unknown function.

84
Q

What is the blood supply of the anterior part of corpus striatum?

A

Anterior cerebral artery

85
Q

What is the blood supply of the posterior part of corpus striatum?

A

Middle cerebral artery

86
Q

What is the blood supply of the tail of caudate and amygdaloid?

A

Anterior choroidal of internal carotid artery

87
Q

What are the connections of the basal ganglia that receive input?

A

1) Caudate nucleus
2) Putamen
(Corpus striatum)

88
Q

What are the connections of the basal ganglia that gives the output?

A

Globus Pallidus

89
Q

What are the diseases of the basal ganglia?

A

1) Hypokinesia + hypertonia (Lesion of direct pathway)

2) Hyperkinesia (Lesion of indirect pathway)

90
Q

What is an example of a Hypokinesia + hypertonia disease?

A

Parkinsonism

91
Q

What causes Parkinson’s disease?

A

Degeneration of dopamine = depletion of dopamine in striatum

92
Q

Where are the dopamine-producing cells found?

A

In substantia nigra

93
Q

What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s?

A

1) Resting tremor (N.B: intention tremor in cerebellar disease)
2) Rigidity: simultaneous contraction of flexors and extensors
3) Bradykinesia: Slowness of movement (slurred speech) and mask face
4) Postural disturbance
5) NO loss of motor or sensory function

94
Q

How is Parkinson’s disease treated?

A

L-Dopa NOT dopamine

95
Q

What are some examples of hyperkinetic diseases?

A

1) Huntington’s disease
2) Sydenham’s Chorea
3) Hemiballism

96
Q

What is Huntington’s disease?

A

(hypotonia+hyperkinesia) Hereditary disease of unwanted movements

97
Q

What causes Huntington’s disease?

A

It results from degeneration of the caudate and putamen

98
Q

What does Huntington’s disease cause?

A

Choreoathetosis: Continuous dance-like movements of the face and limbs

99
Q

What can cause Sydenham’s Chorea?

A

Rheumatic fever

100
Q

Sydenham’s Chorea is __ and those affected are expected to:

A

Transient; make a full recovery

101
Q

What is Hemiballism?

A

Flailing movements of one arm and leg (onesided)

102
Q

What causes Hemiballism?

A

Damage (ex. stroke) of the subthalamic nucleus.

CNS Anatomy (19 decks)

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