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CNS Anatomy > Sheet 4 > Flashcards

Sheet 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Which lobe is the motor lobe?

A

The frontal lobe

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2
Q

Which lobe is the sensory lobe?

A

The parietal lobe

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3
Q

Which lobe is the auditory lobe?

A

The temporal lobe

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4
Q

Which lobe is the visual lobe?

A

The occipital lobe

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5
Q

Who divided the cortex into functional areas according to their modalities by numbers?

A

Brodmann

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6
Q

The post-central gyrus is subdivided by:

A

Types of receptors

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7
Q

What are the 4 distinct Brodmann areas in the post-central gyrus?

A

1) 3a
2) 3b
3) 1
4) 2

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8
Q

The fact that there is more than 1 Brodmann area means that there is:

A

More than 1 modality

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9
Q

What receptors are found in area 3a?

A

Muscle spindle afferents

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10
Q

What receptors are found in area 2?

A

Golgi tendon organs and joint afferents

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11
Q

What receptors are found in areas 3b and 1?

A

1) Receive cutaneous afferents from receptors such as Meissner corpuscles and Merkel cells.
2) Receive input from cutaneous receptors that transmit pain and
temperature.

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12
Q

Where is the central sulcus found?

A

Between the frontal and the parietal lobes of the cortex.

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13
Q

Lateral inhibition facilitates:

A

The localization and sharpening of the site of stimulation

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14
Q

Which receptor is activated to the greatest extent?

A

The receptor at the site of the most intense stimulation

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15
Q

What do the most intensely activated receptor pathways do?

A

Inhibits transmission of impulses in the less intensely stimulated pathways through lateral inhibition = localization of stimulus is more precise

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16
Q

How does lateral inhibition work?

A

By using inhibitory interneurons

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17
Q

How are inhibitory interneurons activated?

A

By collateral processes of the neurons

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18
Q

In general, we divide the spinal gray matter into:

A

laminae from 1-10

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19
Q

Which laminae form the dorsal horn of the spinal cord?

A

1-7

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20
Q

What does lamina 1 do?

A

Relays information related to pain and temperature

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21
Q

What does lamina 2 do?

A

Relays information related to pain and temperature.

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22
Q

What forms the substantia gelatinosa?

A

Laminae 1 and 2

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23
Q

What does the substantia gelatinosa do?

A

It’s the place of synapse
of the first order neurons
with the cell bodies of the
second order neurons’.

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24
Q

What does lamina 5 do?

A

Relays information related to pain and temperature

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25
Q

What do lamina 3&4 do?

A

Nucleus proprius, modulation and touch. These laminae have many interneurons.

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26
Q

What are the two types of pain?

A

1) Fast

2) Slow

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27
Q

What is the difference between the two types of pain?

A

Fast: The first sharp pain caused by an instant injury
Slow: Diffused and long pain and tenderness after inflammation and edema

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28
Q

Why is there a difference in types of pain?

A

Because fast pain uses Aδ fibers (wider and faster), while slow pain uses C fibers

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29
Q

Lamina 1&2 receive what kind of fibers? What type of pain do they relay?

A

C fibers = Small and unmyelinated = Slow pain

30
Q

Lamina 1&5 receive what kind of fibers? What type of pain do they relay?

A

Aδ = Wide and myelinated = Fast pain

31
Q

The majority of slow pain fibers stimulate the:

A

Reticular formation

32
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

A network of fibers present in the core of the brain stem. (Makes you aware of pain)

33
Q

The reticular formation is made up of 3 columns:

A

1) Median
2) Medial
3) Lateral

34
Q

What is the hidden part of the cortex inside the longitudinal fissure?

A

The cingulate gyrus

35
Q

What is the cingulate gyrus part of?

A

The limbic system (the emotional mind)

36
Q

What is the function of the cingulate gyrus?

A

Acts in the interpretation of the emotional aspect of pain.

37
Q

What does the longitudinal fissure do?

A

Separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres of the

brain.

38
Q

What is the hidden part of

the cortex inside the lateral fissure?

A

Insular gyrus (or insula)

39
Q

What is the function of the insular gyrus (insula)

A

Interpreting pain stimuli
from the internal organs of the body (visceral pain = C fibers) and bringing about an autonomic response, like increasing the heart rate or causing sweating.

40
Q

Where is the Posterolateral tract of Lissauer located?

A

Between the posterior white column and the lateral white column.

41
Q

Where are the 3 other terminations of the lateral spinothalamic tract?

A

1) Reticular formation
2) Cingulate gyrus
3) Insular gyrus

42
Q

What is the Posterolateral tract of Lissauer?

A

A tract for when the fibers synapse 1-2 segments above/below the segment they entered from.

43
Q

Which nucleus is located

in the thalamus and related to reticular formation?

A

The intraluminar nucleus

44
Q

Why is slow pain poorly localized compared to fast pain?

A

Because the fibers of fast pain (Aδ) tend to synapse with one second order neuron, leading to activation of a very precise area in the cortex; whereas the C fibers of slow pain tend to diverge and synapse with more than one 2nd order neuron which leads to activation of a wider area in the cortex.

45
Q

What is cutaneous pain?

A

Pain that originates from and is felt on the skin.

46
Q

What is deep somatic pain?

A

Originates in a relatively large area representing the affected muscles, bones, joints & ligaments (dull diffuse).

47
Q

What is an example of deep somatic pain?

A

Intermittent claudication

48
Q

What is intermittent claudication?

A

Muscle pain which occurs during exercise in the calf muscles

49
Q

What causes intermittent claudication?

A

Peripheral artery disease (blood supply is not enough to remove the metabolites like lactic acid).

50
Q

In which group of people is intermittent claudication most common?

A

Uncontrolled diabetic patients.

51
Q

What is visceral pain?

A

Origin is the internal organs,

poorly localized, and transmitted via C fibers (slow pain).

52
Q

What are the internal organs sensitive to?

A

1) Ischemia
2) Chemical damage
3) Stretch

53
Q

Give an example on stretch

A

Distention of bladder and abdominal viscera

54
Q

Give an example on ischemia

A

Angina pectoris

55
Q

What do spasms lead to?

A

Blood vessels compressions and accumulation of metabolites

56
Q

Give an example on chemical damage

A

HCL from perforated ulcer (ex. peptic ulcer)

57
Q

The mechanisms (or stimuli) that cause somatic pain are __(the same as/different than) those that cause visceral pain

A

Different than

58
Q

Where is gallbladder pain referred to?

A

The right shoulder, the left shoulder, and under the right chest (extends to back)

59
Q

Where is stomach pain referred to?

A

Under the left chest (extends to back)

60
Q

Where is appendix pain referred to?

A

Around the bellybutton (umbilical region) and moves towards the right lower quadrant

61
Q

Where is esophageal pain referred to?

A

Between the right and left chest

62
Q

What does the convergence theory state?

A

That referred pain is presumed to occur because the information from multiple nociceptor afferents converge into individual spinothalamic tract neurons.
= The brain then thinks these signals are from the body surface because nociceptive stimuli originate there more frequently.

63
Q

There are 2 types of fibers that reach the spinal cord:

A

1) Autonomicvisceral fibers

2) Somatosensory fibers

64
Q

What do the autonomicvisceral fibers do?

A

Conduct a signal from the viscera to the insular gyrus through a second order neuron, so it brings back an autonomic response.

65
Q

What do the somatosensory fibers do?

A

Conduct a signal from skin to postcentral gyrus through a second order neuron (different than that for the viscera), so it brings back a motor response.

66
Q

How does referred pain occur?

A

The visceral fibers may stimulate the second order neuron that reaches the postcentral gyrus.

67
Q

What is the gating theory?

A

At the site where the pain fiber enters the CNS, inhibition could occur by means of connector neurons excited by large, myelinated afferent fibers carrying information of nonpainful touch and pressure.

68
Q

If the Aβ fibers are activated, then the pain gate is __(opened/closed).

A

Closed

69
Q

What is descending control (VIP)?

A

1) Spinoreticular fibers (coming from spinothalamic fiber (pain fiber)) stimulate the periaqueductal gray in the mid brain (PAG).
2) Excitatory neurons of PAG project to Nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) in reticular formation.

3) (NRM) neurons produce serotonin which activates inhibitory neurons that secrete enkephalins and the endorphins (morphine like
actions) in substantia gelatinosa.

4) This leads to termination of pain. It’s something like loop inhibition.

70
Q

What can directly inhibit substantia gelatinosa neurons?

A

Locus coeruleus (in Pons)

CNS Anatomy (19 decks)

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