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CNS Anatomy > Sheet 5 > Flashcards

Sheet 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the modality of the anterior spinothalamic tract?

A

Crude touch and pressure

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2
Q

What is the most important difference between the anterior and lateral components of the ALS?

A

Modality:
Lateral part = Pain & Temperature
Anterior part = Crude touch & Pressure

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3
Q

When we refer to the ALS, what will the modality be?

A

Crude touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.

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4
Q

What receptors are present in the anterior spinothalamic tract?

A

Free nerve endings

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5
Q

Where do the first order neurons in the anterior spinothalamic tract synapse?

A

Dorsal root ganglia

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6
Q

Where do the second order neurons in the anterior spinothalamic tract synapse?

A

The posterior horn of gray column (in nucleus proprius which represents laminae 3 & 4 = Touch)

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7
Q

Where do the axons of the second order neurons go in the anterior spinothalamic tract?

A

They cross obliquely to the opposite side in the anterior gray and white commissures, ascending in the contralateral white column as the Anterior spinothalamic tract.

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8
Q

Where do the third order neurons in the anterior spinothalamic tract synapse?

A

Thalamus (VPL) Internal Capsule = Corona Radiata.

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9
Q

Where does the anterior spinothalamic tract terminate?

A

Primary Somesthetic Area (SI)

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10
Q

Why is it called Spinotectal tract?

A

Because this is a sensory tract that relays information from the spinal cord (spino) to the tectum (superior colliculi)
(tectal)

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11
Q

What is the tectum?

A

The dorsal side of the midbrain

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12
Q

What is the tectum composed of?

A

4 colliculi (2 superior and 2 inferior).

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13
Q

The 4 colliculi collectively form a structure known as:

A

Corpora quadrigemina

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14
Q

The 2 superior colliculi have __ functions and are involved in __, whereas
the 2 inferior colliculi have __ functions and are involved in __.

A

Visual, visual reflexes; Auditory, auditory reflexes.

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15
Q

Where does the Spinotectal tract ascend in?

A

The anterolateral white column lying close to the lateral spinothalamic tract

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16
Q

Where does the Spinotectal tract terminate?

A

Superior colliculus

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17
Q

What does the Spinotectal tract do?

A

Provides afferent information for spinovisual reflexes.

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18
Q

What is the journey of the Spinotectal tract?

A

First order neurons synapse in the dorsal root ganglia.
Second order neuron axons cross the midline and ascend contra-laterally in the anterolateral
white column of the spinal cord, lying close
to the lateral spinothalamic tract.
Path ends in superior colliculus

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19
Q

In Medulla: Anterior Spinothalamic tract + Spinotectal + Lateral Spinothalamic = __.

A

Spinal leminiscus which ends in VPL

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20
Q

What are spinovisual reflexes?

A

The act of movement of the eyes, head, and neck

spontaneously towards the source of the stimulation.

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21
Q

At what level do the spinovisual reflexes happen?

A

at the level of spinal cord (no need for higher centers).

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22
Q

The medial leminiscus is related to:

A

The dorsal column system

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23
Q

Where are the Posterior and Anterior spinocerebellar tracts located?

A

In the anterolateral columns of the white matter.

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24
Q

Where do the Posterior and Anterior spinocerebellar tracts go?

A

From the spinal cord to the cerebellum (NOT cortex)

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25
Q

What is the modality of the Posterior spinocerebellar tracts?

A

Muscle and joint sensation

unconscious proprioception

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26
Q

What are the receptors found for the Posterior spinocerebellar tracts?

A

Most receptors except free nerve endings

same as dorsal column system

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27
Q

Where do the first order neurons of the posterior spinocerebellar tracts terminate?

A

At the base of posterior gray column (nucleus dorsalis or Clarks nucleus in lamina 7)

28
Q

Where do the second order neurons of the posterior spinocerebellar tracts go?

A

The axons of 2nd order neurons enter
the posterolateral part of the lateral white matter column on the same side.
They ascend ipsilaterally as the posterior spinocerebellar
tract to medulla oblongata.

29
Q

Where does the Posterior spinocerebellar terminate?

A

In the cerebellar cortex (through inferior cerebellar peduncle).

30
Q

Axons of the lower lumbar and sacral spinal nerves ascend in the ___ until they reach ___ segments where they synapse with __.

A

Posterior white column; L3 or L4; nucleus dorsalis.

31
Q

What is a peduncle?

A

A bundle of white matter.

32
Q

In dorsal column system and anterolateral system, sensation is __.

A

Contra-lateral (Right side of the body will reach the left cortex no matter the decussation site and vice versa).

33
Q

In spinocerebellar tracts whether anterior or posterior, sensation is __.

A

Ipsilateral (Right side of the body will reach the right cerebellar cortex and vice versa)

34
Q

Where is the brain stem located?

A

Anterior to the cerebellum

35
Q

What is found between the brain stem and the cerebellum?

A

The fourth ventricle

36
Q

What is the type of sensation that reaches the cerebellum (unconscious level)?

A

Proprioception

37
Q

What is the modality of the Anterior spinocerebellar tract?

A

Muscle and joint sensation (unconscious proprioception).

38
Q

Where do the first order neurons of the Anterior spinocerebellar tract terminate?

A

At the base of post gray column (nucleus dorsalis)

39
Q

There are 2 pathways for the Anterior spinocerebellar tract:

A

1) The majority of axons of second order neurons cross to the opposite side and ascend as the anterior spinocerebellar tract in the contralateral white column.
2) The minority of axons ascend as
the anterior spinocerebellar tract in
the lateral white column of the same side.

40
Q

Where does the anterior spinocerebellar tract ascend to?

A

Medulla oblongata and pons.

41
Q

Where does the anterior spinocerebellar tract terminate?

A

In cerebellar cortex, (through superior cerebellar peduncle).
The fibers that crossed over in the spinal cord cross back within the cerebellum.

42
Q

The descending tract is divided into 2 parts:

A

1) Pyramidal tracts (mainly corticospinal tracts): Conscious control of skeletal muscles movement.
2) Extrapyramidal tracts: Subconscious control of skeletal muscles movement, like regulation of balance, muscle tone, eye, hand, and upper limb position.

43
Q

The motor cortex (in the frontal lobe) is divided into areas (Brodmann):

A

1) Area 4: The pre-central gyrus (primary motor cortex)

2) Area 6: Responsible for the coordination of skeletal muscle movement.

44
Q

From which area do the pyramidal tracts descend from?

A

Area 4

45
Q

From which area do the extrapyramidal tracts descend from?

A

Area 6

46
Q

Some motor neurons start from:

A

Areas 3,2,1 on the cortex (A sensory area)

47
Q

Area 6 is divided into 2 parts with a huge overlap between them:

A

1) The premotor area (often most lateral): uses external cues, such as vision & hearing.
2) The supplementary motor area (most medial): uses internal cues, related to memory.

48
Q

To perform a motor activity, we need:

A

Cues

49
Q

If the premotor area is damaged, what will happen?

A

We’d lose the coordination or the ability to convert sensory data (visual input) to motor activity.

50
Q

What is the difference between area 4 and area 6?

A

If there is a lesion in Area 4, paralysis will happen; However, if there is a lesion in Area 6, paralysis will not happen (No fine or coordinated movements)

51
Q

What is the path of the pyramidal tracts?

A

1) Start with the Upper motor neuron from the cortex (more than one origin but mainly from area 4)
2) To the level of spinal cord
3) Synapse with interneuron (lamina 8)
4) Activation of lower motor neuron (its cell body in the anterior horn/lamina 9)
5) To skeletal muscle.

52
Q

What are the types of pyramidal tracts?

A

Anterior & lateral Corticospinal tracts

53
Q

What are the types of extrapyramidal tracts?

A

1) Vestibulospinal tracts
2) Reticulospinal tracts
3) Rubrospinal tracts
4) Tectospinal tracts

54
Q

Where does the Vestibulospinal tract start?

A

In the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem (between lower part of the pons & upper part of medulla oblongata).

55
Q

What are the vestibular nuclei?

A

Sensory nuclei of the vestibular nerve part of the vestibulocochlear (8th
cranial) nerve, which is responsible for sense of balance.

56
Q

Where does the Reticulospinal tract start?

A

In the reticular formation, which is a network of neurons in the core of the brainstem.

57
Q

Where does the Rubrospinal tract start?

A

In the red nucleus (piece of gray matter

that is highly vascular and located in the midbrain)

58
Q

Which extrapyramidal tracts have an important role in the control of motor system?

A

Rubrospinal tracts

59
Q

The tracts are named because of their:

A

Dimension

60
Q

Extrapyramidal tracts arise in the

___ and descend to the ___ but are under the influence of the ___. (area _).

A

Brainstem; spinal cord; cerebral cortex; 6.

61
Q

Anatomically, why are they named pyramidal tracts?

A

Pyramidal tracts pass from a part of the medulla oblongata on its anterior aspect called pyramid. We have 1 pyramid on the right and 1 on the left.

62
Q

The anterior horn: The somato-tropic principle:

A

The medial part of the anterior horn
supplies the trunk & shoulder which are medial/axial muscles near the trunk (related to vertebral column / girdles). (All segments).
Movement: mainly upright posture and
balance.
Lateral aspect supplies hand, forearm, or generally the distal muscles. (Only
enlargements).
Movement: skilled movement (writing, playing, drawing, etc.).

63
Q

The anterior horn can be divided anteriorly and posteriorly into:

A

Extensors muscles anteriorly & Flexors posteriorly.

64
Q

What does Lamina 8 have?

A

1) Motor interneurons

2) Commissural nucleus

65
Q

What does Lamina 9 have?

A

1) Ventral horn

2) Cell body of lower motor neuron (LMN)

CNS Anatomy (19 decks)

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