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Natural Science > Sexual Reproduction > Flashcards

Sexual Reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How do sperm develop and and what happens when they have made tails

A

Sperm develop from cells in the tubules and once they have made tails they move down the center of the tubule and move into the epididymus

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2
Q

When is sperm produced and how

A

At puberty the Brain tells the testicles to produce testosterone and sperm

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3
Q

Explain the travel of sperm

A

Sperm travel to the epidydymas where they mature and travel. Through the vas deferens, past the prostrate gland and seminal vessels , through the urethra and spurted out at the tip of the penis.

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the male

A

To produce gametes or sperm and to transfer these to the female system

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5
Q

What do the testes look like

A

Oval structures, 5 cm long

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6
Q

Where are the 2 testes found and where is this found and why

A

In a sac called the scrotum found between the legs. Sperm are lower than body temp therofr they need to be kept outside of the body

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7
Q

What is a vasectomy

A

Sterilized man

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8
Q

What are the male secondary sex characteristics

A

Hair growth on the penis, arms and facial
Descending of testes
Voice depends
Growth

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9
Q

What is the epdidymus

A

A tube attached to the outside of the testis. Sperm stored here after being formed

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10
Q

What is the vas deferens / sperm duct

A

A continuation of the epidydimus. Carries sperm from the epidymis to urethra

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11
Q

What are the seminal vesicles

A

Glands that produce a fluid which contains nutrients and enzhymes so that the sperm will move more actively

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12
Q

What is the mixture of fluid and sperm

A

Semen

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13
Q

How is the ejaculatoryduct formed

A

When the ducts from the seminal vesicles and the vas deferens unite. When the muscle of the ejaculatory ducts contract its content is expelled through the urethra, to the outside.

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14
Q

What does the urethra do

A

Transports semen and urine. Transfer sperm through vagina

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15
Q

What is the prostrate gland

A

A conical shaped gland whitch lies against the bladder. It secretes a milky liquid and gives seman its Oder. This liquid is alkaline and keeps sperm alive in vagina,

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16
Q

In a women at puberty what does the brain do

A

Tells the ovaries to produce oestrogen whitch tells the eggs to mature. And then once a month an egg leaves an ovary and pops into a Fallopian tube. Where it waits before travelling to the uterus. In the uterus the egg and lining dissolve and leave.

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17
Q

Explain ovulation

A

In notes

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18
Q

What two hormones do the peturitory gland produce and what do they do

A

Follicle stimulating hormone - instructs ovary to make mature egg
Leuatnaising hormone - goes to ovary and oestrogen is realesed,

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19
Q

What happens after ovulation process

A

Each egg waits in the Fallopian tube to be fertilized by sperm
Sperm leaves the penis, swims up the vagina through the uterus into the Fallopian tube where an egg may be waiting to unite with a sperm. If one sperm enters the egg, (head of sperm penetrate the ovum )they become one cell and pregnancy can begin fertilized by one soerm only the others die

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20
Q

What happens as the baby develops

A

Grows bigger, the uterus stretches to accommodate.
Foetus develops within amniotic sac (surrounded by amniotic fluid that protects and nourishes baby)
Ambilical chord connects baby to mom

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21
Q

What is the definition of fertilization

A

The fusion of the nucleus of the sperm with the nucleus of the egg

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22
Q

What is the product of fusion so sex cells

A

A zygote

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23
Q

After the zygote is made ( fusion of cells) what happens

A

It moves along the Fallopian tube to the uterus. As it moves it divides by mitosis. ( cell division) until it’s a round mass of cells. It reaches the uterus after about 4 days , by then it’s a hollow ball of several thousand cells, the blastula

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24
Q

What is the blastula

A

Hollow ball of several thousand cells

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25
Q

Explain what the blastula does

A

When it touches the endometrium or uterus wall it is implanted. This is where the blastula develops into an embryo surrounded by a number of membranes

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26
Q

What is the outermost protective membrane

A

The chorion witch has a number of finger like projections called villi

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27
Q

What happens to ensure that the villi are bathed in blood

A

Large, blood , filled spaces develop between the villi

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28
Q

What blood never mixes

A

Blood of foetus and mother

29
Q

What is pressed close to the chorion and what does this do

A

The amnion whitch is filled with amniotic fluid whitch surrounds the foetus.

30
Q

What does the amniotic fluid serve as

A

A shock resistor and provides constant medium for the delevopmwnt of the embryo

31
Q

What do the ovaries produce

A

The female gametes or ova

32
Q

Where are the 2 ovaries placed

A

In the abdomen by a ligament

33
Q

What is each ovary surrounded by

A

A funnel that leads to a tube known as the oviduct (fallopian tube) that carries the egg to the uterus

34
Q

Where does fertilization occur

A

In the Fallopian tube

35
Q

What does the uterus have and why

A

A thick muscular wall, so that the developing embryo can attach. Embryo grows in uterus

36
Q

What is at the end of the uterus

A

A glandular region called the cervix whitch leads to the vagina

37
Q

What does the vagina do

A

Receives sperm and serves as birth canal

38
Q

What is menstruation

A

Shredding of tissue and blood from the lining of the womb through a women’s vagina

39
Q

When does ovulation occur (day)

A

Day 1

40
Q

Why is menstruation continuous

A

It’s a cycle, and it’s getting ready for pregnancy

41
Q

When is the best time to have sex in order to fall pregnant and why

A

5 days before egg is released or on day . As sex takes place in this time , egg and sperm can reach tube at the same time. Egg then fertilized

42
Q

What is the period between fertilization and birth

A

Pregnancy

43
Q

What happens in the time period of pregnancy

A

The embryo is protected within and develops inside uterus of mother

44
Q

What does the human ovum contain and why

A

Little yolk because it is fed by juices secreted by the uterine wall

45
Q

What are all the requirements for the embryo carried by

A

The blood of the mother to the blood spaces of the placenta and are transferred to foetus by division

46
Q

Where does waste difuse to and from

A

Waste diffuses out of the foetus to the blood of the mother

47
Q

What does the placenta do

A

Protect embryo. Serves as a micro filter preventing solids and bacteria from entering the blood of the foetus. In doing so provides immunity to foetus

48
Q

What does the aminionic fluid protect baby from

A

Shock, temp changes, dehydration

49
Q

How long after fertilization is baby ready to be born

A

40 weeks

50
Q

What is labour

A

Walls of uterus contract, effect of contractions is to push the foetus in the direction of the cervix.
Pressure is exerted on the amnion and chorion whitch is then raptures and the amniotic fluid is released (water breaking)
Contractions increase in strength and the baby is pushed, head first, through the vagina to the exterior

51
Q

What happens when the baby leaves the vagina

A

The shock of coming into the colder air makes the baby gasp, clearing the lungs of amniotic fluid and the baby takes first breath. Baby cries filling lungs with air and breathing process begins

52
Q

What is the afterbirth

A

The placenta that is released through vagina after birth

53
Q

What happens when more than one baby develops and grows in the womb at the same time

A

A multiple birth occurs

54
Q

How do multiple births occur

A

A women produces more than one ovum during her cycle, there will be more than one ovum in the Fallopian tubes to be fertilized and seperate embryos will develop.

55
Q

How are twins made fraternal

A

When 2 seperate ova are fertilized.

56
Q

How are identical twins made

A

One ovum is fertilized , but splits into 2 Seperate embryos

57
Q

What are Siamese twins

A

When the ball of cells or embryo split
Joined somewhere on the Body
Can be surgically seperated depending on what organs are shared

58
Q

What diseases are in category 1

A

STDS that produce inflammation of the urethra, epidydyms, cervix or oviducts
Gonorrhea, chlamydia
Treated with antibiotics
Viral. Discharge

59
Q

What diseases are in catagory 2

A

STDS that produce sores on the external genitals
Genital herpes most common. 25 million South Africans
Symptoms Treated by antiviral drugs, infection never cured

Syphillis is a bacterially caused infection and can if left untreated cause death . Cured with antibiotics

60
Q

Disease in category 3

A

Includes viral diseases that affect organ systems other than those that affect reproductive system
AIDS , HEPAPTIIS B
Sexual contact or blood
Infected may appear symptom free for years after infection

61
Q

Explain Aids ( acquired immunedefiency syndrome)

A

Develops after immune system has been serverly weakened and can no longer defend body from infections
As AIDS progresss the body is overhwelmed with life threatening illnesses and diseases

62
Q

What virus causes AIDS

A

HIV ( AIDS virus )

63
Q

What does HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) do

A

Destroys immune cells called T cells whitch are vital to the body for protection against infection and diiseases
AIDS will result when HIV has severely reduced number of T cells
Anyone can become infected with HIV .(anyone infected with HIV can develop AIDS ) unborn can be infected

64
Q

How does AIDS infect bodies

A

Through exchange of infected blood, semen or vaginal secretions

65
Q

Where does HIV live

A

In white blood cells called T cells

66
Q

Where are T cells found

A

Blood, semen, breast milk, vaginal secretions , mesntrual blood

67
Q

Common ways of being infected with HIV

A

Sexual activity
Eluting contaminated hypodermic needles
Transmission from mother to baby during pregnancy , birth , breast feeding

68
Q

Where are the sperm made

A

In the seminiferous tubules in the testes

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