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Natural Science > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do cells consist of , and what do they allow cells to do

A

Numerous structures , that allow cells to carry out functions

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2
Q

What do cells form

A

Basic units of plant an animals

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3
Q

Why do plant and animal cells have similarities and differences

A

Due to the different functions performed by the cells

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4
Q

Name the structures found in cells

A

Cell wall, cell membrane, cyptoplasm, vacuole, nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondrion,

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5
Q

Where is the cell wall found

A

In plant cells

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6
Q

What are cell walls made of

A

A substance called cellulose

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7
Q

What is the main function of a cell wall

A

To give the cell shape and support

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8
Q

What is the cell wall described as and why

A

Permeable , as liquids and dissolved substances pass through the cell wall freely

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9
Q

Where is cell membrane found

A

Found in both plant and animal cells

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10
Q

What does the cell membrane form

A

Outermost boundary

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11
Q

Where does the cell membrane lie in plant cells

A

Against the inner part of cell wall

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12
Q

In animal cells what does the cell membrane form

A

It forms the outermost boundary

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13
Q

Describe the cell membranes layer

A

Thin, flexible layer that keeps contents from escaping and mixing with surroundings

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14
Q

What is the cell membrane described as and why

A

Partially permeable as it controls what enters and leaves the cell

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15
Q

Do all cells have a cell membrane

A

Yes

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16
Q

Where is cyptoplasm found

A

In both plant and animal cells

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17
Q

What is cyptoplasm

A

Liquid containing chemicals needed for functioning of cell

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18
Q

Where is a large vacuole found

A

Found in plant cells

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19
Q

What diss a vacuole consist of

A

Fluid known as cell sap

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20
Q

What do cell saps consist of

A

Mainly water with many dissolved substances

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21
Q

What surrounds the fluid in a vacuole

A

A membrane called the tonoplast

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22
Q

What does the vacuole in plants help

A

Helps water move into the cell, keeps cell firm and keeps its shape (turgor support)

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23
Q

Do animal cells have vacuoles

A

They may have small vacuoles , or not even a vacuole at all

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24
Q

Where is nucleus found

A

In bite animal and plant cells

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25
Q

How many nucleus in each cell

A

One

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26
Q

What surrounds the nucleus

A

A double membrane called a nuclear membrane

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27
Q

What is inside the nucleus

A

Nucleoplasm, chromatin material

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28
Q

What is the nucleoplasm similar to in the nucleus and why

A

Cyptoplasm as it is linked to the cyptoplasm through small holes called pores in the nucleur membrane

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29
Q

What is the chromatin material made of

A

DNA that contains the genes of the organism

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30
Q

What do genes give organisms

A

Characteristics

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31
Q

What is DNA

A

Deoxyribonuclei acid

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32
Q

What do the nucleus and chromatin network contain

A

Certain info for each cell to make their own proteins

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33
Q

What are the nucleus functions

A

Controls activities of cell, as it contains instructions for making proteins
Stores characteristics of heredity in the chromosomes

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34
Q

Where is chloroplast found

A

Plant cells only

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35
Q

What does chloroplast contain

A

Green pigment called chloropyll , which traps radiant energy from the sun

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36
Q

What is chlorophyll

A

A green pigment which traps radiant energy from the sun

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37
Q

What is the main function of chloroplast

A

To produce food (carbohydrates) for the plant through photosynthesis

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38
Q

How is glucose produced

A

Carbon dioxide , sunlight and water enter the chloroplast and after a series of chemical reactions , glucose is produced

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39
Q

What type of product is oxygen

A

Waste product

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40
Q

What do choloroplasts occur in

A

Large numbers in plant tissue that photosynthesis

41
Q

How many chloroplast per cell

A

15-50 per cell

42
Q

What shape are most chloroplasts

A

Disc shaped with a membrane bound structure

43
Q

What does the double membrane surround in chloroplast

A

The fluid called the stroma

44
Q

What extends through the stroma

A

Groups of parallel double membranes called lameliae or thylakoids

45
Q

What is mitochondrion from

A

The mother

46
Q

What does the folds in the mitochondrion do

A

Increases the surface area

47
Q

Where is the mitochondrion found in

A

Plant and animal cells

48
Q

What is mitochondrion main function

A

To release energy through respiration

49
Q

What process does mitochondrions do

A

Oxygen and glucose move into this structure and after a series of chemical reactions , energy in the form of ATP is released

50
Q

What is a waste product of the mitochondrion process

A

Carbon dioxide

51
Q

Describe mitonchdrions membrane

A

Smooth inner and outer membrane folded to form cristae

52
Q

What is the fluid inside the mitochondrion known as

A

The matrix

53
Q

How do the numbers of mitochondrion vary per cell and why

A

A few to 1000 according to activities of the cell

54
Q

What cells have large amounts of mitochondria

A

Active cells , like liver , sperm cells , muscle

55
Q

What similarities do plant and animal cells have

A 
Both have mitochondria
Both have membrane 
ER:rough and smooth
Cyptoplasm 
Nucleus , membrane
56
Q

What provides protection and support for plant cells

A

Cell wall

57
Q

What prevents cyptoplasm from escaping

A

Cell membrane

58
Q

What is responsible for photosynthesis

A

Chloroplast

59
Q

What carries out respiration

A

Mitochondrion

60
Q

What holds genetic info

A

Nucleus

61
Q

What stores water in plants

A

Vacuole

62
Q

What is the difference between permeable and partially permeable

A

Permeable allows the free passage of all substances (fluid state)
Partially permeable allows the passage of only certain substances (fluid state) controlled

63
Q

Define respiration

A

A cellular process whereby glucose and oxygen react to produce energy (ATP)

64
Q

Why can the mitochondrion be called the power house

A

Aerobic respiration takes place here, producing energy in the form of ATP

65
Q

Why can the nucleus be referred as the brain of the cell

A

It controls the activities of the cell

66
Q

Which structure contains chlorophyll

A

Chloroplast

67
Q

Why is the inner membrane of mitochondrion folded

A

It increases surface area , enabling more respiration to take place

68
Q

What is the difference between a granum and lamella

A

The granum is a stack of thylakoids , and a lamellla is a structure that joins two grana together

69
Q

What happens when growth occurs

A

The individual cells increases in size and number

70
Q

What happens as cells grow

A

The undergo a process that makes them look and function different to other cells

71
Q

When do cells join to form a tissue

A

Cells similar in structure and function

72
Q

What does each different tissue have to do

A

Perform a specific function

73
Q

What is nervous tissue

A

Made of cells that can transmit impulses to and from the brain

74
Q

What is the nervous tissue in plants

A

Xylem tissue

75
Q

What is xylem tissue made of

A

Cells that allow water and dissolved minerals to be transported

76
Q

What do different tissues combine to form

A

Organs

77
Q

Why is a muscle classified as an organ

A

It’s made of muscle tissue , xylem and phloem tissue

78
Q

Name some organs found in animals

A

Lung liver spleen brain

79
Q

Name some organs found in plants

A

Roots stems leaves flowers

80
Q

How are systems made

A

Different organs function together to form systems

81
Q

What is the nervous system made of

A

Brain spinal chord nerves

82
Q

What is the digestive system made of

A

Stomach intestines mouth asophogus

83
Q

What is an organisms

A

A living thing made up of all the systems working altogether

84
Q

What organisms is a muscle

A

Tissue

85
Q

What organisms is a blood vessel

A

Organ

86
Q

What organism is a bone

A

Organ

87
Q

What organism is a leaf

A

Organ

88
Q

What do root hairs do

A

Grow around soil grains, absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil

89
Q

What types of cells are root hairs

A

Specialized unicellular epidermal cells

90
Q

What would make area of absorption increase in roots

A

The surface area of the cell on the edge of the root is increased

91
Q

What is an epidermis

A

Single layer of square cells with thin walls . Outer layer of cells

92
Q

Why does the roots epidermis not have a waxy cuticle covering it

A

Roots absorb water

93
Q

What cells are in stomata

A

2 guard cells per stoma

94
Q

What are guard cells

A

Kidney shaped cells with thin outer walls and thin inner walls

95
Q

What do the guard cells in stomata contain and control

A

Contain chloroplast , controls opening and closing of the stoma

96
Q

What does the opening and closing of stomata control

A

Movement of co2 and 02 and water vapoiur between leaf and outside environment

97
Q

How does the stoma open

A

When water enters the guard cells , the thin outer walls bulge and the thick inner walls become concave - resulting in pore opening

98
Q

How does a stoma close

A

When water leaves guard cells the become soft and pore closes

Natural Science (9 decks)

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