Cells Flashcards
What do cells consist of , and what do they allow cells to do
Numerous structures , that allow cells to carry out functions
What do cells form
Basic units of plant an animals
Why do plant and animal cells have similarities and differences
Due to the different functions performed by the cells
Name the structures found in cells
Cell wall, cell membrane, cyptoplasm, vacuole, nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondrion,
Where is the cell wall found
In plant cells
What are cell walls made of
A substance called cellulose
What is the main function of a cell wall
To give the cell shape and support
What is the cell wall described as and why
Permeable , as liquids and dissolved substances pass through the cell wall freely
Where is cell membrane found
Found in both plant and animal cells
What does the cell membrane form
Outermost boundary
Where does the cell membrane lie in plant cells
Against the inner part of cell wall
In animal cells what does the cell membrane form
It forms the outermost boundary
Describe the cell membranes layer
Thin, flexible layer that keeps contents from escaping and mixing with surroundings
What is the cell membrane described as and why
Partially permeable as it controls what enters and leaves the cell
Do all cells have a cell membrane
Yes
Where is cyptoplasm found
In both plant and animal cells
What is cyptoplasm
Liquid containing chemicals needed for functioning of cell
Where is a large vacuole found
Found in plant cells
What diss a vacuole consist of
Fluid known as cell sap
What do cell saps consist of
Mainly water with many dissolved substances
What surrounds the fluid in a vacuole
A membrane called the tonoplast
What does the vacuole in plants help
Helps water move into the cell, keeps cell firm and keeps its shape (turgor support)
Do animal cells have vacuoles
They may have small vacuoles , or not even a vacuole at all
Where is nucleus found
In bite animal and plant cells
How many nucleus in each cell
One
What surrounds the nucleus
A double membrane called a nuclear membrane
What is inside the nucleus
Nucleoplasm, chromatin material
What is the nucleoplasm similar to in the nucleus and why
Cyptoplasm as it is linked to the cyptoplasm through small holes called pores in the nucleur membrane
What is the chromatin material made of
DNA that contains the genes of the organism
What do genes give organisms
Characteristics
What is DNA
Deoxyribonuclei acid
What do the nucleus and chromatin network contain
Certain info for each cell to make their own proteins
What are the nucleus functions
Controls activities of cell, as it contains instructions for making proteins
Stores characteristics of heredity in the chromosomes
Where is chloroplast found
Plant cells only
What does chloroplast contain
Green pigment called chloropyll , which traps radiant energy from the sun
What is chlorophyll
A green pigment which traps radiant energy from the sun
What is the main function of chloroplast
To produce food (carbohydrates) for the plant through photosynthesis
How is glucose produced
Carbon dioxide , sunlight and water enter the chloroplast and after a series of chemical reactions , glucose is produced
What type of product is oxygen
Waste product
What do choloroplasts occur in
Large numbers in plant tissue that photosynthesis
How many chloroplast per cell
15-50 per cell
What shape are most chloroplasts
Disc shaped with a membrane bound structure
What does the double membrane surround in chloroplast
The fluid called the stroma
What extends through the stroma
Groups of parallel double membranes called lameliae or thylakoids
What is mitochondrion from
The mother
What does the folds in the mitochondrion do
Increases the surface area
Where is the mitochondrion found in
Plant and animal cells
What is mitochondrion main function
To release energy through respiration
What process does mitochondrions do
Oxygen and glucose move into this structure and after a series of chemical reactions , energy in the form of ATP is released
What is a waste product of the mitochondrion process
Carbon dioxide
Describe mitonchdrions membrane
Smooth inner and outer membrane folded to form cristae
What is the fluid inside the mitochondrion known as
The matrix
How do the numbers of mitochondrion vary per cell and why
A few to 1000 according to activities of the cell
What cells have large amounts of mitochondria
Active cells , like liver , sperm cells , muscle
What similarities do plant and animal cells have
Both have mitochondria Both have membrane ER:rough and smooth Cyptoplasm Nucleus , membrane
What provides protection and support for plant cells
Cell wall
What prevents cyptoplasm from escaping
Cell membrane
What is responsible for photosynthesis
Chloroplast
What carries out respiration
Mitochondrion
What holds genetic info
Nucleus
What stores water in plants
Vacuole
What is the difference between permeable and partially permeable
Permeable allows the free passage of all substances (fluid state)
Partially permeable allows the passage of only certain substances (fluid state) controlled
Define respiration
A cellular process whereby glucose and oxygen react to produce energy (ATP)
Why can the mitochondrion be called the power house
Aerobic respiration takes place here, producing energy in the form of ATP
Why can the nucleus be referred as the brain of the cell
It controls the activities of the cell
Which structure contains chlorophyll
Chloroplast
Why is the inner membrane of mitochondrion folded
It increases surface area , enabling more respiration to take place
What is the difference between a granum and lamella
The granum is a stack of thylakoids , and a lamellla is a structure that joins two grana together
What happens when growth occurs
The individual cells increases in size and number
What happens as cells grow
The undergo a process that makes them look and function different to other cells
When do cells join to form a tissue
Cells similar in structure and function
What does each different tissue have to do
Perform a specific function
What is nervous tissue
Made of cells that can transmit impulses to and from the brain
What is the nervous tissue in plants
Xylem tissue
What is xylem tissue made of
Cells that allow water and dissolved minerals to be transported
What do different tissues combine to form
Organs
Why is a muscle classified as an organ
It’s made of muscle tissue , xylem and phloem tissue
Name some organs found in animals
Lung liver spleen brain
Name some organs found in plants
Roots stems leaves flowers
How are systems made
Different organs function together to form systems
What is the nervous system made of
Brain spinal chord nerves
What is the digestive system made of
Stomach intestines mouth asophogus
What is an organisms
A living thing made up of all the systems working altogether
What organisms is a muscle
Tissue
What organisms is a blood vessel
Organ
What organism is a bone
Organ
What organism is a leaf
Organ
What do root hairs do
Grow around soil grains, absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil
What types of cells are root hairs
Specialized unicellular epidermal cells
What would make area of absorption increase in roots
The surface area of the cell on the edge of the root is increased
What is an epidermis
Single layer of square cells with thin walls . Outer layer of cells
Why does the roots epidermis not have a waxy cuticle covering it
Roots absorb water
What cells are in stomata
2 guard cells per stoma
What are guard cells
Kidney shaped cells with thin outer walls and thin inner walls
What do the guard cells in stomata contain and control
Contain chloroplast , controls opening and closing of the stoma
What does the opening and closing of stomata control
Movement of co2 and 02 and water vapoiur between leaf and outside environment
How does the stoma open
When water enters the guard cells , the thin outer walls bulge and the thick inner walls become concave - resulting in pore opening
How does a stoma close
When water leaves guard cells the become soft and pore closes
