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Human Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

What is digestion

A

The process of breaking down large, insoluble particles, into small soluble molecules

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2
Q

What is absorption

A

Small, soluble molecules of food are absorbed from the alimentary canal into the blood

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3
Q

Defaecation

A

Indegistable food residues are removed from the body , in the form of fecies

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4
Q

What is the digestive system

A

Responsible for the ingestion , digestion , absorption and defaecation stages of nutrition.

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5
Q

What can organs be seperated into

A

Alimentary canal and accessory digestive organs

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6
Q

What is the alimentary canal also known as

A

The gut

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7
Q

Describe the alimentary canal

A

8,5 m long
Continuous muscular tube running through the body
Has an opening at both ends, mouth and anus
Not a simple tube , each section has different functions to carry out

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8
Q

What does the alimentary canal do

A

Digests food -Breaks food down into smaller fragments

Absorbs the digested fragments through its lining into the blood

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9
Q

What are the alimentarycanal organs

A

Mouth, oesophogus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines which lead to the anus

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10
Q

What are the accessory organs

A

Teeth, tounge , and glands (salivary, liver and pancreas)

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11
Q

What do the accessory organs do

A

Each have their own function of Deliver substances to the alimentary canal , food doesn’t go in or out

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12
Q

What does the mouth do

A

Teeth chew the food , and mix it with the saliva . The saliva helps to digest the starch in food and makes it easier to swallow the food

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13
Q

What does The oesophogus do

A

The food goes down the oesophogus to the stomach in a few seconds

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14
Q

What does the stomach do

A

The food is mixed with gastric juices and other chemicals to help break down the food

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15
Q

What does the small intestine do

A

The food that is a thick, milky mixture moves slowly through. More chemicals are added from the liver and pancreas. Some of the dissolved food passes through the wall of the small intestine into the blood . 6 to 7m long. When all the food is through , the useful substances are in the blood

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16
Q

What does the large intestine do

A

Stores the solid waste substances that the body can’t use. Water is taken out of the undigested waste. The water goes into the blood , solid waste goes into the rectum.

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17
Q

What does the appendix do

A

Has no function. In animals it’s used to digest grass and other plants humans don’t eat

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18
Q

What does the rectum do

A

Stores solid waste for a short time

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19
Q

What does the anus do

A

When the rectum is full , solid waste called faeces passes out of the anus

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20
Q

What does the accessory organ , the liver do

A

Produces biale, which is stored in the gall bladder

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21
Q

What does the pancreas do (accessory organ)

A

Helps with blood sugar

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22
Q

What is the chewing of food into soft pulp known as

A

Mechanical digestion , but the food is also made moist from saliva secreted by the 3 pairs of salivary glands

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23
Q

What does saliva contain

A

Mucin, lysozyme , enzyme that digests starch and a lot of water.

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24
Q

What does water in the saliva do do to the food

A

Softens and moistens the food

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25
Q

What does the mucin in the saliva do

A

Mucin is a sticky substance that sticks the food particles together to make a ball of food (bolus) and it also makes food slippery to swallow

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26
Q

What does the enzyme in saliva do

A

Breaks down starches, called chemical digestion

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27
Q

What does the lysozyme in saliva do

A

Protects the mouth from infection by killing bacteria

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28
Q

What does the tongue do

A

Mixes food with saliva

Moves food around mouth and pushes it between

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29
Q

What happens when you swallow food

A

It passes through your pharynx (throat) and into a tube called the oesophogus

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30
Q

What tube carries food from the throat to the stomach

A

The oesophogus

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31
Q

Desribe the oesophogus layers

A

The wall consists of a number of layers ( like all other parts of the alimentary canal) in these layers is smooth muscle which allows a process called peristalsis to occur

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32
Q

Where does the lower end of the oesophogus end

A

In an elastic , bag shaped organ the stomach

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33
Q

What do the walls of the stomach consist of

A

3 layers of involuntary muscles (you can’t control these )

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34
Q

What do involuntary muscles do

A

Play a very important role in breaking down food into a liquid and mixing it with gastric juices (churning) during mechanical digestion . You can’t control them

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35
Q

How is gastric juice secreted and what does it contain

A

Gastric Juice is secreted by the gastric glands in the wall of the stomach. It contains enzhymes which act on proteins and hydrochloric acid

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36
Q

What does the hydrochloric acid do

A

Makes the contents of the stomach acidic which kills the germs in food and helps the enzhymes of the stomach to work

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37
Q

What is mucin

A

A slimy substance that lines the stomach wall. Protects the stomach from hydrochloric acid.

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38
Q

What happens in the stomach and what does it act as

A

A temp storage tank for food, and a place where foods broken down into liquid pulp (chyme) , protein breakdown begins in the stomach.

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39
Q

What are absorbed in the stomach

A

Alcohol and painkillers are absorbed into the stomach , but not many substances are

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40
Q

Describe the small intestine and what happens in it

A

Narrow tube about 6-7 m long. Digestion of food takes place here. The simple, soluble units of food can then be absorbed.

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41
Q

The small intestine is divided into 3 parts , what are they and what are the sizes

A 
The duodenum (25cm)
The jejunum (2,5m)
The ileum (4m)
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42
Q

What are leading into the duodenum

A

Ducts which are small tubes from the liver and the pancreas.

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43
Q

How does biale go into the duodenum

A

Via the bile duct

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44
Q

What is bile

A

Watery , alkaline substance. Used to neutralize the acidic chyme when it comes into duodenum from the stomach. It emulsifies fat( breaks small lumps of fat into smaller droplets) making it easier to digest.

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45
Q

What does the pancreas make

A

Pancreatic juice, which is secreted via a duct in the duodenum

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46
Q

What does pancreatic juice contain

A

Enzhymes that digest proteins , fats and starch. Also helps to neautrslize acidic chyme

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47
Q

From the duodenum, where does digestion continue to

A

The jejunum. Where food is moved slowly by peristalsis (it’s mixed well as it moves )

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48
Q

Where does the final step of digestion take place

A

The ileum. The enzymes needed for the last step of digestion are on the lining of the ileum.

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49
Q

When can foods be absorbed in the ileum

A

When foods are broken down into their simplest, soluble units , they can dissolve in water and be absorbed in the ileum.

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50
Q

How is food absorbed

A

Through the innner most lining of the ileum = mucosa

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51
Q

Describe the mucosa of the ileum

A

It has Folds, the inner of the mucosa has millions of small projections called villi.

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52
Q

What are the cells of the villi folded to form

A

Microvilli

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53
Q

What increases the surface area of the ileum

A

The folds, the villi and the microvilli

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54
Q

What does each villus have

A

Lots of blood vessels surrounding the central lacteal

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55
Q

What Happens when the simple, soluble units are absorbed

A

The blood carries them to the liver

56
Q

What is lymph

A

Fluid drained by the lymph vessels from the cells and tissues

57
Q

What happens when lipids are digested

A

Their products are absorbed by the lacteal and are carried in the lymph in the lymph vessels

58
Q

What do lymph vessels do

A

Join the blood system near the left shoulder

59
Q

What is the large intestine also known as

A

The colon

60
Q

What is the main function of the large intestine

A

To adorn water from the remaining material in your intestines. Also absorb dissolved vitamins and minerals

61
Q

What happens when the water decreases in the large intestine

A

The material becomes drier and more solid until it forms faecss

62
Q

Where is faces stored

A

In the last part of the large intestine , the rectum and leaves the body through the anus

63
Q

Where does digested food go

A

All the products of digestion ( except fats) move into the blood capillaries of the villi

64
Q

Where do the blood capillaries lead into

A

Into a vein that goes to the liver

65
Q

What are carried in the blood from the liver to where it is needed in the body

A

Glucose and other nutrients are carried in the blood from the liver to where it’s needed in the body

66
Q

What can the liver store

A

Excess food as glycogen

67
Q

How are products of fat digestion carried away from the villi

A

By the lymphatic system

68
Q

Where does lymph drain into the blood

A

Near the left shoulder

69
Q

How are fats carried to the liver

A

Carried by blood

70
Q

What does the body do if it needs more energy

A

Liver changes fat into glucose

71
Q

What can the liver store

A

Excess fat

72
Q

What can also carry fat from the liver to other organs where it is stored

A

Blood

73
Q

What are the 3 main classes of food

A

Carbohydrates, proteins , fats

74
Q

There are many nutrients, what are they

A

Vitamins , minerals, fiber, water . They are essential part of the diet but needed in smaller quantities

75
Q

What are carbohydrates

A

Starches and sugars used by the body for energy

76
Q

What are carbs made of

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

77
Q

What can the sugar found in diets be

A

Either sucrose (table sugar) or fructose (fruits)

78
Q

What is the cheapest most readily available source of energy

A

Carbs

79
Q

Why is carbs the most readily available energy

A

It’s easy for our body to break down carbs to release energy

80
Q

What is carbs used with in respiration

A

Carbs is used with oxygen in respiration to form carbon dioxide and water

81
Q

What happens if you eat to little carbs

A

You become tired and restless

82
Q

What happens if you eat to many carbs

A

Obesity, as the excess is stored as fat or glycogen in the liver

83
Q

What are proteins made up of

A

Amino acids

84
Q

What are proteins

A

The building blocks for growth and repair of damaged tissues

85
Q

Where are proteins gained from

A

Mostly meat , but beans eggs and dairy products also. There is a variety and it’s good to eat a variety and they’re made of different amino acids

86
Q

How many amino acids can’t the body make

A

The body can’t make the 9 essential amino acids

87
Q

How many amino acids can the body make

A

The body can make 11 non essential amino acids

88
Q

What are amino acids made up of

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

89
Q

What do carbs and proteins have in common

A

People need a variety

90
Q

What type of people need a lot of protein and why

A

Children and pregnant, it’s important for grotwth

91
Q

What are excess amino acids converted into

A

Glycogen in the liver and muscles

92
Q

What are fats essential to the body as

A

A reserve energy store

93
Q

How do fats help in temperature regulation

A

By insulating the body

94
Q

What is fats made of

A

Hydrogen, carbon and oxygen (but in different proportions to carbs)

95
Q

What happens when fats are used as an energy source

A

They give off twice as much energy as carbs

96
Q

What fats do animals give us

A

Saturated fats (meat, dairy, egg yolk)

97
Q

What fats do plants give us

A

Unsaturated fats (oils, fruit, and seeds)

98
Q

What fats are better to eat

A

Unsaturated fats , but it’s important to eat saturated fats , as this is easier to store as a reserve food source

99
Q

What can’t vitamins be used as

A

For energy , not can they be used as building blocks like carbs , proetiens and fats

100
Q

What are vitamins important for

A

Chemical reactions that can’t be synthesized

101
Q

What does vitamin A do. Where is it found

A

Keeps skin, bones and eyes healthy. Prevents infections (threat and nose especially)
Fish liver oil, liver, green veggies , milk and carrots

102
Q

What does vitamin B do. Where is it found

A

Growth , release of energy from food , healthy blood , eyes skin
Yeast, whole wheat , break,green veggies, eggs, livers, milk, cheese, meat, fish

103
Q

What does vitamin C do. Where is it found

A

Helps wound healing , healthy teeth and gums, prevents infections (nose and threat)
Citrus fruit, green veggies , tomatoes , potatoes

104
Q

What does vitamin D do. Where is it found

A

Healthy bones , teeth

Liver, butter, cheese, eggs, fish, made by skin when exposed to sun

105
Q

What does vitamin E do. Where is it found

A

Nescersary for fertility in woman

Lettuce, wheat germ, eggs, some plant , animal oils

106
Q

What does vitamin K do. Where is it found

A

Nesearry for blood clotting

Green leaves, strawberries, fish

107
Q

Lack of vitamin b

A

Causes Beri beri . Paralysis of the limbs (arms and legs)

Pernicious anemia . Red blood cells aren’t properly formed.

108
Q

Lack of vitamin C

A

Scurvy. Results in soft gums , loose teeth and poor wound healing

109
Q

Lack of vitamin D

A

Rickets. Soft or weak bones , legs that bow out

110
Q

What are some minerals

A

Salt, iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, iodine that are essential for the body

111
Q

What does lack of salt cause

A

Muscle cramps

112
Q

Where is iron found

A

Read meats and egg yolks , its nesseacry for haemoglobin (which carries oxygen in red blood cells )

113
Q

Calcium phosphate

A

For strong bones and teeth

114
Q

Sodium potassium

A

For cellular function

115
Q

Idodine

A

For making thyroxine in thyroid glands (hormone) . Thryroxine regulates metabolism

116
Q

Water

A

Essential part of cyptoplasm
Used to transport different substances around the body, mainly in solution in the blood
Digestion takes place in water

117
Q

How much body weight does water take up

A

2/3

118
Q

What does fiber consist of and what’s in known as

A

Known as roughage . Consist of plant cell walls .

119
Q

How do you get roughage

A

By eating fruit, vegetables or anything made from a plant. Bread (wheat) you get roughage

120
Q

Why do our bodies struggle to digest fiber

A

Made of cellulose

121
Q

How is fiber digested

A

Some bacteria are able to digest cell walls. This breaks it down into fatty acids (not fat) which are absorbed by large intestine

122
Q

What happens if roughage isn’t digested

A

Passes through the gut , scrubs the gut clean . Keeping colon healthy

123
Q

What does fiber prevent

A

Constipation

124
Q

How can we have a balanced diet

A

By eating a variety of carbs, fats, minerals

125
Q

What is malnutrition

A

Lack of food nutrition. Incomplete diet , not getting required nutrients

126
Q

How is malnutrition caused

A

By eating to little, or to many of the wrong things . Can cause death and ill health

127
Q

What is kwashiorkor

A

Difficiency of protein in South Africa commonly
Oedema , chubby cheeks, peeling skin, colour / hair loss, slow or no growth , swollen stomach, hands and feet
Weakened child becomes victim to other diseases

128
Q

Marasmus

A

General lack of food and nutrients , starvation especially in young children
Severe weight loss , extreme weakness , diorehia , face of old person , thin, potbelly , hungry , miserable
Easily contracts other diseases

129
Q

Scurvy

A

Bleeding gums

Lack of vitamin C , no fresh fruits or vegetable

130
Q

Goitre

A

Lack of iodine in diet

Thyroid gland in neck swells

131
Q

Pellagra

A

Lack of vitamin niacin from vitamin B
Diorehia , skin disease
Marks in neck shaped like necklace

132
Q

Rickets

A

Lack of vitamin D or phosphorus and calcium in diet

Soft bones that change shape , become bent because of weight of body and muscles pulling them

133
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

Compulsive exercise
Plyschologically rooted , vulnerability and loss of control
Starving because of fat self image
Starvation , hair loss , muscle wasting , fine hair , dry skin , sleep loss

134
Q

Bullemia

A

Binge on huge quantities of food , induce vomit after
Weight loss fast
Fasting pills, avoidance tactics, laxatives (Like anorexia)
Obsessive approach to food , stomach cramps , bathroom, puffy face(stomach acid) kidney damage , exhaustion , dental problems

135
Q

Obesity

A

Assesive eating that affects organs , related to emotional feelings, eating in secret , past the stage of satisfying hunger . Poor circulation, shortness of breath , body odor , bad breath

136
Q

What are fad diets

A

Offer short term solutions , quick fix . Promise fast results with minimum effort , too good to be true claims, offer no guidelines for management after. Not individually planned.

137
Q

What is ingestion

A

The process of taking food , drink or another substance into the body by swallowing

Natural Science (9 decks)

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