Gaseous Exhange Flashcards
Where does air move through into
The nasal cavity
What are the two kinds of cell lines that line the nasal cavity
Ciliated epithelial cells and goblet cells
What are ciliated epithelial cells
They have tiny hairs called cilia that trap and remove dust and germs in the air that you breathe in
What does Goblet cells do
Make slimy liquid called mucus . The mucus keeps the surface of the nasal cavity moist and traps the dust and germs that you breathe in
What are the small blood vessels in the nasal cavity called
Capillaries that are close to the surface
What does the blood in the capillaries do
Warms the air as it passes through the nasal cavities.
What is the throats known as
The pharynx
Where is the pharynx situated
At the back of the nasal cavity
What system is the pharynx part of
The digestive system
What does the pharynx open into
The trachea and the oesophogus of the digestive system
Where is the larynx
At the top of the trachea
What opening does the larynx have
A glottis that opens into your trachea
What is covering the glottis and what does it do
The epiglottis covers the glottis when swallowing food or water, preventing food from going into the trachea
What are inside the larynx and what do they do
Two membranes called the vocal chords inside the larynx , they vibrate and make various sounds as the air is forced through them
What does the trachea lead Into
The lungs
What does the trachea have inside it
C shaped cartilage rings
What do the c shaped cartilage rings do
They keep the trachea open all the time so that air can pass through freely into and out of the lungs
What lines the trachea
Ciliated epithelial and goblet cells
What does the trachea branch into
Two bronchi
How are bronchi and the trachea the same
Similar in structure but the trachea are narrower
What does each bronchus lead into
A lung
What happens when a bronchus enters each lung
Branches into smaller tubes called the bronchioles
Bronchioles don’t have cartilage rings or ciliated epithelium
True
What does each bronchiole lead to
A bunch of small air sacs called the alveoli
What surrounds each alveolus
A network of blood capillaries
The alveolus has a very thin wall, what is it made up of
Made up of flattened cells called squamous epithelium
What are the things that make up a lung
The blood vessels, alveoli, bronchioles, and part of the bronchus make up a lung
How many membranes sound each lung , and what are they called
Pleural membranes
What is between the pleural membranes surround each lung, and what is its function
There is fluid between the two membranes to prevent friction when breathing in and out
What protects the lungs
The ribs as well as a muscle called the diaphragm.
Where is the diaphragm located
Below the lungs
What is the process of breathing air into your lungs called
Inhalation
What is exhalation
The process when air is breathed out of the lungs
What happens during inhalation
The muscles of the diaghprgam contract and the diaghragm flattens
The intercostal muscles contract and pull the ribs outwards and upwards , increasing the volume in the chest . The pressure in the chest therefor descreaes causing air to be drawn in through the nose , down the trachea and into the lungs
What happens during exhalation
The muscles of the diaphragm relax and the diaghrpam becomes more dome shaped , the intercostal muscles relax and the ribcage moves downwards and inwards. Both of these decrease the volume in the chest , therefor the pressure increases and this causes air to be pushed out of the lungs , up the trachea and out the nose
Where does the air you breathe in go
Into the alveoli in your lungs
What is the function of the alveoli
To allow gaseous exchange to take place
Where does the oxygen from the air you inhale go
Moves by diffusion from the alveoli into the blood capillaries
What does the carbon dioxide dissolved in the blood do
Diffuses from the capilliraries into the alveoli
What is the disffusion of gas called and why
Gaseous exchange because the waste gas , Carbon dioxide in the lungs , is exchanged for the gas oxygen that us needed . Carbon dioxide in lungs is then breathed out
What does the oxygen in the blood combine with
A pigment called haemoglobin in the erythrocytes
Where is oxygen carried and by what
Oxygen is carried to all the cells of the body by the erythrocytes
What do the erythrocytes not go into
The cells
Where is oxygen released from and where does it difuse into
Oxygen is released from the haemoglobin and difuses from the blood capillaries into the cells where it is used for cellular respiration
What is cellular respiration
A reaction that occurs in all cells
What happens in cellular respiration
Oxygen is used to break down glucose (sugars) into carbon dioxide and water to provide energy for cells to use during metabolic processes
What is glucose
Radiant energy from the sun is trapped in organic food during photosynthesis as chemical potential energy
What is food
This energy is transferred from plants to herbivores and then to carnivores to be released from the food
What is energy
The energy released is used by cells to do work , locomotion , excretion, reproduction, and body temperatures regulation
Where does cellular respiration occur
In the mitochondrion
Where do glucose and oxygen come from
Glucose comes from the food we eat and oxygen from the air we inhale
What the does carbon dioxide that is produced during cellular respiration do
Difuses out of the cells into the blood capillaries, it is then transported by the blood to the alveoli , in the alveoli it is exchanged for more oxygen
How many openings does the nose have, and what are they called
Two openings called the nostrils
What happens during photynthesis
Sunlight , water and carbon dioxide combine which creates glucose and oxygen.
Where does photosynthesis take place in the leaf
In the chloroplast
What gas is used , and what gas is produced from photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide is used for photosynthesis, however oxygen is the gas produced
Where does respiration take place , and what gas is needed
The mitochondria of the leaf , oxygen is the gas used .
How do gases get in an out of the leaf
Through the stomatal pores
What do plants use up the oxygen they make during photosynthesis for
Cellular respiration
Why do plants need to take in CO2
They need more carbon dioxide for photosynthesis than they make during cellular respiration
How do gases move into and out of plants
By diffusion through the stamatal pores on leaves and young , green stems
Why do plants move gas through diffusion
They don’t have a breathing system like human and animals
Where do these gases in the plants difuse to and from
From areas where they are more concentrated to areas less concentrated
What leaves the leaf in the night
Carbon dioxide
What leaves the leaf in the day
Oxygen
How do gases go through the leaf in the day and night
Through the stomata
Why are plants important to humans
Creates oxygen Produce food Gets rid of waste products - co2 Clothing Building
What disease can smoking cause
Cancer of the lungs,mouth, larynx and heart disease
What 4000 chemicals different chemicals are enhaled during smoking
Acetone, methanol, ammonia, arsenic, polonium
What does smoking do to
Discolours teeth, breathe, hair, clothes smell
What do cigarettes affect
Your lungs . Cigarette smoke contains many dangerous substances
Nictotine , tar, carbon monoxide
Why is carbon monoxide bad for your lungs
Combines with haemoglobin in the blood. There is less haemoglobin to combine with oxygen. Less oxygen gets to the cells which means smokers are often short of breath
Why is nicotine bad
Causes blood pressure and heart rate to increase , which leads to heart attacks. Nicotine is addictive. Can’t give it up as your body is addicted to the Nicotine
Why is tar bad for you
Collects in the lining of the bronchi and bronchioles . Cells of the lining divide and grow thicker. To much mucus is produced and the cilia can’t work properly. Dust and germs can get into the lungs and kill the cells
What happens when tar collects in the bronchioles
Bronchi and bronchioles become red and swollen , more mucus is produced . This extra mucus collects in the tubes and causes chronic bronchitis ( a person who coughs a lot) smokers cough
What leads from smokers cough (chronic bronchitis)
Repeated coughing may lead to the breaking down of the delicate walls of the alveoli. These alveoli become larger and the surface area descreases so less oxygen can difuse in the blood. Become short of breath and it’s hard to breathe. Called emphysema with no cure
