Drawing skills, angio, variables, scientific method, classification of living Flashcards
What is a cotyledon
An embryonic leaf/ seed that is a structure of stored energy
What is a monocot
A plant with one cotyledon in its seed
What does the angiosperm seed contain
The young plant embryo and stored nutrients
Where is the food of a plant stored
Within cotyledon or endosperm
Give the order of seed germination
- The radicle emerges first and grows downwards into soil
- The plumule is next to emerge developing into stem and leaves
- The shoot tip needs to be protected until above ground level
What happens in monocots for seed germination
A protective sheath (coloptile) leads the plumule through the soil
What happens in dicots for seed germination
The cotyledons are pulled above ground level before shoot tip emerges
Explain the seeds of flowers
Dicots - 2 cotyledons
Monocots - 1 cotyledon
Explain the roots of flowers
Dicots - taproot system
Monocots - fibrous root system
Explain the stems of flowers
Dicot - woody , herbaceous
Monocot - herbaceous (green)
Explain the leaves of flowers
Dicots - netlike veins
Monocots - parallel veins
Explain the flower parts of a flower
Dicot - multiples in 4 or 5
Monocots - multiples of 3
Why are roots seperated into different regions
Each regions has different types of plant tissue to perform specific functions
Explain the mature region of a root
Root grows wider and may produce secondary roots .
Secondary roots anchor plant securely in soil
Each secondary root has same structure as main root
Explain the root hair region of a root
Many very thin hairs grow out of the epidermis of the root .
Individual hair only lives few days before soil rubs it off
Constantly replaced by eoidermal cells of this region
Explain the region of elongation In a root
Cells formed in this region grow longer
Root grows longer and pushes the tip through the soil
Explain the meristematic region
Cells constantly divide to produce new cells
Explain the root cap region of a plant
Smooth and slippery
Covers tips of all roots
Protects meristem from injury
Helps protect root tip to slide through soil easier
Cells rubbed of by soil and replaced by cells from meristem
What do root hairs grow around
The soil grains
What do root hairs actually do
Absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil
Explain the epidermis of the root
Main function is to protect underlying tissue
Outer layer of cells
If increased surface area , area of absorption increases
Protects inner tissues of root from damage and bacteria
Why do roots not have a waxy cuticle
Waxy cuticle prevents water loss , roots absorb water
Why do we have modified roots
Some plants have roots that are modified to perform addictions functions to the plant
Explain roots
Largest organ of the plant
Root systems are as large as or larger then above ground parts of plant
What are the functions of a root
Securely anchor plants in soil
Absorb water and minerals from soil
Storage of food
What are the different root systems
Taproot and fibrous root system
Explain tap root system
One main (primary) root with smaller (secondary/lateral) roots branching away for it Dicot
Explain fibrous root systems
Several roots (fibrous/adventitious) of the same size developing from the base of the stem Monocot
Explain the stem
Grow above soil towards sun
Leaves , flowers grow from stem
Require supporting tissue
Exposed to strong winds which bend them
What are the functions of the stems
Support leaves and reproductive structures
Provide internal transport of substances
Produce new living tissue
What does a stomata do
Little paws for water loss
What is a xylem
Transports water
What is a phloelem
Transports food
What is a apical bud
At the tip of a stem
What is a node
Point at which leaf attaches to stem
What is the internode
Space between 2 nodes / leaves
What is the axil
The angle between leaf and stem
What is auxiliary bud
Bud growing from axil (gives rise to lateral branches)
What is the leaf scar
Where leaves were attached or where branches broken off
What are the lenticles
Small , slightly raised pores
What is the sheath
Part of leaf that folds around the stem
What are modified stems
Like roots , some plants have modified stems to perform additional functions
Explain the leaf
Limited growth Stops growing , mature , functions then falls of stem Many shapes and sizes Major photosynthetic organ Large surface area Positioned to receive max sun
Explain photosynthesis
All life on earth depends on photosynthetic ability of plants
What is the process of photosynthesis
Production of glucose and oxygen , from the reaction of water and carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll
What is the functions of s leaf
Photosynthesis ( main)
Gaseous exchange
Transpiration (water loss)
Protection
What are the two types of leaves and how are they classified
Simple leaves and compound leaves , classified by looking at the Lamina (lead blade)
Explain a simple leaf
Lamina consists of one piece
Monocots and dicots
Explain a compound leaf
Lamina made of many leaflets from one petiole
Just Dicot
Name The external features of a leaf
Lamina / leaf blade , margin , Alex , veins , petiole / leaf stalk
Explain a Lamina / leaf blade
Thin , soft , flexible , flat , large surface area allows max absorption
Explain a margin of a leaf
Edge of Lamina
Smooth or rough
Explain a apex of a leaf
The tip of Lamina
Explain the veins of a leaf
Contain vascular bundles to transport food / water
Provide support for leaf
Main vein is midrib
Explain the petiole/ lead stalk of a leaf
Connects leaf to stem
Holds leaf in best position for sun
In monocots no distinct petiole instead has sheath that wraps sound stem (sessile leaf)
Explain a stomata
Singular is stoma
Majority found in lower epidermis of leaf
Pierced by tiny air pores
Allows gaseous exchange
Opening and closing of stomata controls movement of co2 and o2 between the leaf and outside environment
What is released during photosynthesis
Oxygen
When are stomata usually closed and why
At night , when no photosynthesis takes place because of no sun
What do stomata do during the process of transpiration
Allow release of water vapor
What does Dorsi- ventral mean
A leaf with distinct upper and lower surfaces ( different from eachother)
Monocot
Explain iso-bilateral
Both upper and lower surfaces of leaf are identical
Dicot plants
What is the main function of green leaves
Photosynthesis
