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YEAR 3 REVISION > Sexual Health > Flashcards

Sexual Health Flashcards

1
Q

Who has breast screening?

A

Women aged 50-70 evert 3 years

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2
Q

What are some visual signs of breast abnormalities that patients can keep and eye out for?

A
  • Change in size/shape of one breast
  • Lumps or thickening
  • Change in skin texture
  • Redness or rash
  • Inversion of the nipple
  • Discharge from nipples
  • Pain or discomfort
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3
Q

What are the 4 stages of cancer?

A

1 - Early stage
2 - Localised
3 - Regional spread
4 - Distant spread

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4
Q

What is the most common cancer?

A

Breast cancer

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5
Q

Which imaging tests are safe in pregnancy?

A
  • Chest x-ray

- Abdominal USS

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6
Q

Which imaging tests are unsafe in pregnancy?

A
  • Isotope scan
  • PET scan
  • CT scan
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7
Q

If chemotherapy is needed, when is it safest to perform in pregnancy?

A

2nd and 3rd trimesters, but should finish at least 3 weeks before delivery

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8
Q

What are the different types of treatment for cancer?

A
  • Hormone therapy
  • Targeted therapy
  • Systemic treatment (e.g. chemo)
  • Immunotherapy
  • Radiotherapy
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9
Q

Describe hormone therapy

A
  • Blocks/lowers hormone levels

- Only effective in hormone-sensitive cancers

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10
Q

Describe targeted therapy

A

Potential ability to target cancer cells by identifying specific proteins on the cells

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11
Q

Describe immunotherapy

A
  • Cancer cells usually not recognised by immune system

- This therapy helps to identify and destroy cancer cells using immune system

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12
Q

What are the contraceptive options containing oestrogen?

A
  • The pill
  • Evra
  • Nuva-ring
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13
Q

How does the pill work?

A
  • Take 1 at same time each day for 21/7, then break for 7/7
  • Perfect use = 99% effective
  • Typical use = 91% effective
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14
Q

How does the evra work?

A
  • Contraceptive patch
  • Releases hormones through skin
  • Must be changed once a week
  • Perfect use = 99% effective
  • Typical use = 91% effective
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15
Q

How does the nuva-ring work?

A
  • Ring inserted into the vagina
  • In for 21/7, out for 7/7, then insert new one
  • Can be inserted by the user
  • Perfect use = 99% effective
  • Typical use = 91% effective
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16
Q

How do the contraceptive options containing oestrogen and/or progesterone work?

A

Tricks the body into thinking its pregnant so follicles don’t develop, eggs aren’t released each month and cervical mucus thickens

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17
Q

What are the contraceptive options containing progesterone?

A
  • Progesterone-only pill
  • Injection
  • Implant
  • IUS (intra-uterine system)
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18
Q

How does the progesterone-only pill work?

A
  • Take 1 pill every day, no breaks
  • Perfect use = 99% effective
  • Typical use = 91% effective
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19
Q

How does the injection work?

A
  • 1 injection every 12-13 weeks
  • Perfect use = 99% effective
  • Typical use = 94% effective
20
Q

How does the implant work?

A
  • Inserted under the skin in the upper arm once every 3 years
  • > 99% effective
21
Q

How does the IUS work?

A
  • Mirena (5 years) or Jaydess (3 years)
  • Inserted into the uterus
  • > 99% effective
22
Q

What are the barrier methods of contraception?

A
  • Male condom
  • Female condom
  • Diaphragm
  • Cap
23
Q

How does the male condom work?

A
  • Apply to penis before sexual intercourse
  • Perfect use = 98% effective
  • Typical use = 82% effective
24
Q

How does the female condom work?

A
  • Insert into vagina and ensure external plastic ring remains outside
  • Perfect use = 95% effective
  • Typical use = 79% effective
25
Q

How does the diaphragm/cap work?

A
  • Placed over the cervix
  • Should be used with spermicide
  • Should be left in for 6 hours after sex
  • 92-96% effective
26
Q

What are the options for emergency contraception?

A
  • Morning-after pill

- IUD (intrauterine device)

27
Q

How does the morning-after pill work?

A

Levonelle:
- Take within 3 days
- Releases progesterone which delays ovulation
EllaOne:
- Take within 5 days
- Inhibits progesterone to delay ovulation

28
Q

How does the IUD work?

A
  • Inserted within 5 days
  • Releases copper which is toxic to sperm, thickens mucus and prevents implantation
  • Stays in for 5-10 years
29
Q

What is lactation amenorrhoea?

A

Method of contraception for BF women. Only effective if:

  • Exclusively BF
  • <6 months old
  • Amenorrhoea (no periods)
  • Intervals <4 hours between feeds
  • 98% effective if all these criteria met
30
Q

Why should hormonal contraceptives not be recommenced within 3 weeks of delivery?

A

Increased risk of VTE

31
Q

How long should BF women wait before recommencing hormonal contraception?

A

6 weeks

32
Q

What is the preferable method of contraception for BF mothers?

A

Progesterone-only pill

33
Q

What is FGM Type 1?

A

Partial/total removal of the clitoris/prepuce

34
Q

What is FGM Type 2?

A

Partial/total removal of the clitoris and labia minora with/without excision of the labia majora

35
Q

What is FGM Type 3?

A

Narrowing the vaginal orifice by creating a seal (e.g. suturing the labia minora/majora together

36
Q

What is FGM Type 4?

A

All other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes (e.g. piercing, incising)

37
Q

In which countries is FGM prevalent?

A
  • Egypt
  • Somalia
  • Ethiopia
  • Sierra Leone
  • Kenya
  • Nigeria
  • Ghana
  • Tanzania
  • Sudan
38
Q

What is infibulation?

A

Excising the clitoris/labia of a female and stitching together the edges of the vulva to prevent sexual intercourse

39
Q

If de-infibulation is necessary, when should it take place?

A

Around 20/40 to allow time to heal before delivery

40
Q

What are some signs that suggest a woman is fertile?

A
  • Waking temperature increased by 0.2-0.4
  • ‘Stretchy’ vaginal discharge
  • Breast changes
  • Back pain
  • Skin/mood changes
41
Q

What is the average time that women start having sex again after delivery?

A

6-8 weeks

42
Q

What is dyspareunia?

A

Pain during sex

43
Q

What are some of the causes of postnatal dyspareunia?

A
  • Decreased vaginal lubrication (can be due to decreased libido)
  • Inflammation and infection
  • Perineal scarring
  • Vaginismus due to expecting pain
44
Q

What advice could be given to women experiencing dyspareunia?

A
  • See GP if infection/ inflammation/ bleeding
  • Change positions
  • Use of lubricants
  • Pelvic floor exercises
45
Q

Who should teenage mothers be referred to?

A

Family Nurse Partnership

46
Q

What is the legal age of consent?

A

16

YEAR 3 REVISION (49 decks)

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