Sex Hormones and HRT Flashcards

1
Q

What are the side effects of synthetic oestrogens?

A

Breast tenderness
Nausea + vomiting
Endometrial hyperplasia

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2
Q

What are the actions of synthetic progesterones?

A

Increased bone density

Mood changes

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3
Q

What are the side effects of synthetic progesterones?

A

Weight gain
Nausea vomiting
Acne

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4
Q

What are the routes of administration for synthetic sex hormones?

A
Oral 
Transdermal 
Implants
Nasal 
Vaginal
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5
Q

How are synthetic sex steroids transported in the body?

A

Bound to sex hormone binding globulin
Metabolised in the liver
Excreted in urine as glucoronides or sulphates

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6
Q

What are the different types of hormonal contraception?

A

Combined oral contraceptive pill
Progesterone only pill
Emergency contraception

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7
Q

What are the actions of the Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone
Suppresses ovulation by inhibiting FSH and LH
Affects cervical mucus
Affects endometrium

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8
Q

What are side effects of the combined oral contraceptive pill?

A

Venous thromboembolism
MI
Hypertension
Decreased glucose tolerance

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9
Q

What are the effects of the Progesterone Only Pill?

A

Affects cervical mucus

Affects endometrium

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10
Q

What are side effects of the Progesterone Only Pill?

A

Poor cycle control

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11
Q

Why is HRT needed?

A

Ovary activity decreases, so does oestrogen level

Get Vasomotor symptoms

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12
Q

What are the actions of synthetic oestrogens?

A

Sodium and water retention
Decreased bone reabsorption
Increased blood coagulability

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13
Q

What must you look for with Oestrogen only HRT

A

Shouldn’t give if woman has had hysterectomy because it will lead to endometrial hyperplasia and cancer

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14
Q

Why is combined HRT better than oestrogen only?

A

Oestrogen is interrupted with progesterone
So you still get periods
So endometrial hyperplasia is interrupted every month

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15
Q

What are the risks of HRT?

A

Endometrial hyperplasia to ovarian cancer
Increased breast cancer
Uterine bleeding

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16
Q

What are the uses of anti-oestrogens

A

Clomiphene : ovulation induction
Competes with oestrogen to bind to anterior pituitary
Inhibits negative feedback effect of moderate oestrogen
So more FSH and LH is produced
More ovary stimulation
Tamoxifen: treats breast cancer

17
Q

What is a use of anti-progesterones?

A

Abortion and labour induction
Inhibits progesterone action
Sensitises uterus to prostaglandins
Disallows placental support

18
Q

What is a use of anti-androgens?

A

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

19
Q

What are selective oestrogen receptor modulators?

A

Eg. Raloxifene

Protects against osteoporosis