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Genetics > Sex Chromosome and Determination > Flashcards

Sex Chromosome and Determination Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The process in which two gametes fuse with each other to begin the life of a new individual

A

Sexual Reproduction

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2
Q

The underlying mechanism by which an individual develops into a female or a male

A

Sexual Determination

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3
Q

A theory stating that chromosomes carry the genes that determine an organism’s traits

A

Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

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4
Q

Who suggested that male and female sexes are due to the inheritance of particular chromosomes?

A

Clarence McClung (1901)

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5
Q

System that operates in mammals wherein one sex is heterogametic while the other is homogametic

A

X-Y System

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6
Q

Term used for when one gamete carries the X chromosome while another carries the Y

A

Heterogametic

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7
Q

Term used for when all gametes carry a single chromosome

A

Homogametic

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8
Q

The presence of a gene on the Y chromosome called the […] causes maleness

A

SRY gene

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9
Q

System that operates in many insects wherein the male has only one sex chromosome whereas the female has a pair

A

X-0 System

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10
Q

System that operates in birds and some fish wherein the male is homogametic while the female is heterogametic

A

Z-W System

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11
Q

System that operates in bees, wasps, and ants wherein the male is produced from an unfertilized haploid egg

A

Haplodiploid System

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12
Q

How many chromosomes in a set do male honeybees have?

A

16 chromosomes

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13
Q

A reptile whose sex is controlled by temperature

A

American Alligator
Alligator mississippiensis

= 33C (100% male)
< 33C (100% female)
> 33C (95% female)

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14
Q

A fish whose sex is determined by behavior, wherein when the female dies, the male changes sex to become a female

A

Clownfish
Amphiprion

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15
Q

Term used for organisms that can switch from male to female

A

Protandrous Hermaphrodites

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16
Q

A harem of clownfish consists of […]

A
  • A large female
  • A medium-sized reproductive male
  • Small nonreproductive juveniles
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17
Q

The hormones that control the expression of particular genes in clownfish

A
  • Testosterone (androgen)
  • Estradiol (estrogen)
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18
Q

Plants that produce only male or female gametophytes

A

Dioecious

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19
Q

Examples of dioecious plants

A
  • Hollies
  • Willows
  • Ginkgos
  • White campion, Silene latifolia
20
Q

The phenomenon in which the level of expression of many genes on the sex chromosomes is similar in both sexes, even though males and females have a different complement of sex chromosomes

A

Dosage Compensation

21
Q

Dosage Compensation

Female mammals equalize the expression of genes on the X chromosome by turning off one of their two X chromosomes

A

X-chromosome inactivation (XCI)

22
Q

Proposed that dosage compensation in mammals occurs by the inactivation of a single X chromosome in females

A

Mary Lyon (1961)

23
Q

Identified a highly condensed structure in the interphase nuclei of some somatic cells in female cats that was not found in male cats

A

Murray Barr
Ewart Bertram
(1949)

24
Q

Correctly proposed that the Barr body is a highly condensed X chromosome

A

Susumu Ohno
(1960)

25
Q

A female cat that is heterozygous for a gene on the X chromosome that can occur as an orange or a black allele

A

Calico Cat

26
Q

Identified the XIC from its key role in XCI

A

Eeva Therman
Klaus Patau

27
Q

Plays a critical role in X-chromosome inactivation

A

X-inactivation center (XIC)

28
Q

An X-inactive specific transcript gene discovered in 1991

A

Xist gene

29
Q

The 3 phases of XCI

A
  • Initiation
  • Spreading
  • Maintenance
30
Q

Phase of XCI

Occurs during embryonic development wherein one of the X chromosomes remains active while the other is chosen for inactivation

A

Initiation

31
Q

Phase of XCI

Occurs during embryonic development wherein the chosen X chromosome is inactivated

A

Spreading

32
Q

Phase of XCI

Occurs from embryonic development onwards wherein the inactivated X chromosome is maintained as a Barr body during future cell divisions

A

Maintenance

33
Q

Differences between the X and Y chromosomes

A
  • The X chromosome is typically larger
  • The X chromosome carries ~800 genes while the Y has ~50
34
Q

Genes found only on the X chromosome

A

X-linked genes

35
Q

Genes found only on the Y chromosome

A

Y-linked genes
(holandric genes)

36
Q

Genes found on both the X and Y chromosomes

A

Pseudoautosomal genes

37
Q

The inheritance pattern of the gene is the same as the inheritance pattern of a gene located on an autosome even though the gene is actually located on the sex chromosomes

A

Pseudoautosomal

38
Q

Carried out the first study that confirmed the location of a gene on a particular chromosome

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

39
Q

A gene affecting eye color in fruit flies is located on which chromosome?

A

X chromosome

40
Q

Occurs when an individual with a dominant phenotype and unknown genotype is crossed to an individual with a recessive phenotype

A

Testcross

41
Q

A condition that causes signs of muscle weakness as early as age 3

A

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)

(Guillaume Duchenne)

42
Q

The gene for DMD, found on the X chromosome, encodes a protein called […] that is required inside muscle cells for structural support

A

dystrophin

43
Q

A protein that strengthen muscle cells by anchoring elements of the internal cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane

A

Dystrophin

44
Q

A second cross in which the sexes and phenotypes are reversed

A

Reciprocal Cross

45
Q

Occurs when the allele causing the disease is recessive and located on the X chromosome

A

X-linked recessive

Genetics (8 decks)

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