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Genetics > L1: Overview > Flashcards

L1: Overview Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The time period when animals were first domesticated

A

8000 BC - 1000 BC

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2
Q

The time period when plants were first cultivated

A

5000 BC

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3
Q

Argued that active humors in the body served as bearers of hereditary traits

A

On the Seed of the Hippocratic treatise

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4
Q

Proposed that the male semen contained a vital heat capable of producing offspring of the same form as the parent

A

Aristotle

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5
Q

Studied reproduction and proposed the theory of epigenesis

A

William Harvey

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6
Q

A theory stating that an organism develops from the fertilized egg by a succession of developmental events that eventually transform the egg into an adult

A

Theory of Epigenesis

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7
Q

A theory stating that the fertilized egg contains a complete miniature adult called a homonculus

A

Theory of Preformation

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8
Q

Proposed the cell theory which states that all organisms are composed of cells derived form preexisting cells

A

Matthias Schleiden
Theodor Schwann

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9
Q

Disproved the idea of spontaneous generation

A

Louis Pasteur

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10
Q

Formulated the theory of natural selection

A

Charles Darwin

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11
Q

Formulated and proposed independently natural selection which is based on the observation that populations tend to contain more offspring than the environment can support

A

Alfred Wallace

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12
Q

Published a paper in 1866 showing how traits were passed from generation to generation in pea plants and how traits are inherited

A

Gregor Mendel

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13
Q

Independently formulated the chromosome theory of inheritance

A

Walter Sutton
Theodor Boveri

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14
Q

A theory stating that inherited traits are controlled by genes residing on chromosomes faithfully transmitted through gametes, maintaining genetic continuity from generation to generation

A

Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

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15
Q

Published experiments showing DNA was the carrier of genetic information in bacteria

A

Oswald Avery
Colin Macleod
Maclyn McCarty

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16
Q

Described the structure of DNA and were awarded a Nobel Prize in 1962

A

James Watson
Francis Crick

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17
Q

Used to cut any organism’s DNA at specific nucleotide sequences, producing a reproducible set of fragments

A

Restriction Enzymes

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18
Q

The use of recombinant DNA technology and other molecular techniques to make products

A

Biotechnology

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19
Q

The transfer of heritable traits across species using recombinant DNA technology creates […]

A

transgenic organisms

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20
Q

When was Dolly the sheep cloned via nuclear transfer?

A

1996

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21
Q

When did the Human Genome Project begin?

A

1990

22
Q

Branch of biology that deals with heredity and variation

A

Genetics

23
Q

Classically defined as a unit of heredity

A

Genes

24
Q

A segment of DNA with information to produce a functional product

A

Genes

25
Q

The 4 important macromolecules

A
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
26
Q

The largest macromolecule found in living cells

A

DNA

27
Q

The building blocks of DNA

A

Nucleotides

28
Q

The characteristics of a cell depend on the types of […] it makes

A

proteins

29
Q

The entire collection of proteins that a cell makes at a given time

A

Proteome

30
Q

4 functions of proteins

A
  • shape and structure
  • transport of ions and molecules
  • biological motors
  • cell-cell recognition and signaling
31
Q

[…] accelerate chemical reactions and are a particularly important category of proteins

A

Enzymes

32
Q

The 4 nitrogenous bases of DNA

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
33
Q

A three-base sequence which specifies one amino acid among 20 possible choices

A

Codon

34
Q

The process of using a gene sequence to affect the characteristics of cells and organisms

A

Gene Expression

35
Q

Gene Expression

Step 1:
The DNA sequence within a gene is copied into a nucleotide sequence of RNA

A

Transcription

36
Q

Gene Expression

Step 2:
The sequence of nucleotides in an mRNA provides the information to produce the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

A

Translation

37
Q

Gene Expression

Step 3:
A polypeptide […]

A

folds into a three-dimensional structure

38
Q

Gene Expression

Step 4:
The functioning of proteins largely determines […]

A

cell structure and fuction

39
Q

Any characteristics than an organism display

A

Traits

40
Q

4 levels of biological organization in observations and theories

A
  • Molecular
  • Cellular
  • Organism
  • Population
41
Q

Differences in inherited traits among individuals within a population

A

Genetic Variation

42
Q

Heritable changes in the genetic material that may alter the expression or function of a protein that a gene specifies

A

Gene Mutations

43
Q

Refers to the effects of environmental variation on an individual’s traits

A

Norm of Reaction

44
Q

A human genetic disease that prevents individuals from breaking down phenylalanine in foods

A

Phenylketonuria

45
Q

Two copies of a chromosome are called […] of each other

A

homologs

46
Q

Field of Genetics

Examines the relationship between the transmission of genes from parent to offspring and the outcome of the offspring’s traits

A

Transmission Genetics

47
Q

Field of Genetics

Studies how the genetic material works at the molecules level

A

Molecular Genetics

48
Q

Field of Genetics

Explains the prevalence of certain alleles within populations of individuals

A

Population Genetics

49
Q

2 reasons why model organisms are used for experiments

A
  1. Genetic mechanisms were the same in most organisms
  2. The model organisms had characteristics that made them especially suitable for genetic research
50
Q

The 7 model organisms discussed

A
  • Escherichia coli
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  • Caenorhabditis elegans
  • Drosophila melanogaster
  • Danio rerio
  • Mus musculus
  • Arabidopsis thaliana

Genetics (8 decks)

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