L1: Overview Flashcards
The time period when animals were first domesticated
8000 BC - 1000 BC
The time period when plants were first cultivated
5000 BC
Argued that active humors in the body served as bearers of hereditary traits
On the Seed of the Hippocratic treatise
Proposed that the male semen contained a vital heat capable of producing offspring of the same form as the parent
Aristotle
Studied reproduction and proposed the theory of epigenesis
William Harvey
A theory stating that an organism develops from the fertilized egg by a succession of developmental events that eventually transform the egg into an adult
Theory of Epigenesis
A theory stating that the fertilized egg contains a complete miniature adult called a homonculus
Theory of Preformation
Proposed the cell theory which states that all organisms are composed of cells derived form preexisting cells
Matthias Schleiden
Theodor Schwann
Disproved the idea of spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur
Formulated the theory of natural selection
Charles Darwin
Formulated and proposed independently natural selection which is based on the observation that populations tend to contain more offspring than the environment can support
Alfred Wallace
Published a paper in 1866 showing how traits were passed from generation to generation in pea plants and how traits are inherited
Gregor Mendel
Independently formulated the chromosome theory of inheritance
Walter Sutton
Theodor Boveri
A theory stating that inherited traits are controlled by genes residing on chromosomes faithfully transmitted through gametes, maintaining genetic continuity from generation to generation
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Published experiments showing DNA was the carrier of genetic information in bacteria
Oswald Avery
Colin Macleod
Maclyn McCarty
Described the structure of DNA and were awarded a Nobel Prize in 1962
James Watson
Francis Crick
Used to cut any organism’s DNA at specific nucleotide sequences, producing a reproducible set of fragments
Restriction Enzymes
The use of recombinant DNA technology and other molecular techniques to make products
Biotechnology
The transfer of heritable traits across species using recombinant DNA technology creates […]
transgenic organisms
When was Dolly the sheep cloned via nuclear transfer?
1996
When did the Human Genome Project begin?
1990
Branch of biology that deals with heredity and variation
Genetics
Classically defined as a unit of heredity
Genes
A segment of DNA with information to produce a functional product
Genes
The 4 important macromolecules
- Nucleic Acids
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
The largest macromolecule found in living cells
DNA
The building blocks of DNA
Nucleotides
The characteristics of a cell depend on the types of […] it makes
proteins
The entire collection of proteins that a cell makes at a given time
Proteome
4 functions of proteins
- shape and structure
- transport of ions and molecules
- biological motors
- cell-cell recognition and signaling
[…] accelerate chemical reactions and are a particularly important category of proteins
Enzymes
The 4 nitrogenous bases of DNA
- Adenine
- Thymine
- Guanine
- Cytosine
A three-base sequence which specifies one amino acid among 20 possible choices
Codon
The process of using a gene sequence to affect the characteristics of cells and organisms
Gene Expression
Gene Expression
Step 1:
The DNA sequence within a gene is copied into a nucleotide sequence of RNA
Transcription
Gene Expression
Step 2:
The sequence of nucleotides in an mRNA provides the information to produce the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide
Translation
Gene Expression
Step 3:
A polypeptide […]
folds into a three-dimensional structure
Gene Expression
Step 4:
The functioning of proteins largely determines […]
cell structure and fuction
Any characteristics than an organism display
Traits
4 levels of biological organization in observations and theories
- Molecular
- Cellular
- Organism
- Population
Differences in inherited traits among individuals within a population
Genetic Variation
Heritable changes in the genetic material that may alter the expression or function of a protein that a gene specifies
Gene Mutations
Refers to the effects of environmental variation on an individual’s traits
Norm of Reaction
A human genetic disease that prevents individuals from breaking down phenylalanine in foods
Phenylketonuria
Two copies of a chromosome are called […] of each other
homologs
Field of Genetics
Examines the relationship between the transmission of genes from parent to offspring and the outcome of the offspring’s traits
Transmission Genetics
Field of Genetics
Studies how the genetic material works at the molecules level
Molecular Genetics
Field of Genetics
Explains the prevalence of certain alleles within populations of individuals
Population Genetics
2 reasons why model organisms are used for experiments
- Genetic mechanisms were the same in most organisms
- The model organisms had characteristics that made them especially suitable for genetic research
The 7 model organisms discussed
- Escherichia coli
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- Caenorhabditis elegans
- Drosophila melanogaster
- Danio rerio
- Mus musculus
- Arabidopsis thaliana
