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Genetics > L2: Mitosis and Meiosis > Flashcards

L2: Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Structures found in living cells that contain the genetic material

A

Chromosomes

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2
Q

Leads to the production of two cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

A

Mitosis

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3
Q

Reduces the genetic content and number of chromosomes into half of the original

A

Meiosis

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4
Q

Cell Structure

  • Defines the cell boundary
  • Delimits the cell from its external environment
  • Actively controls the movement of materials going in and out
A

Plasma Membrane

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5
Q

Cell Structure

  • Found in plants
  • Made of cellulose
A

Cell Wall

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6
Q

Cell Structure

  • Found in animals
  • Provides biochemistry identity at the surface of cells
  • Has receptor modules
A

Glycocalyx

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7
Q

A region in the prokaryotic cytoplasm that contains the chromosome

A

Nucleoid

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8
Q

Cell Structure

The entirety of the cell within the plasma membrane excluding the nucleus

A

Cytoplasm

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9
Q

Cell Structure

Support structure made up of microtubules and microfilaments which maintain cell shape, facilitates mobility, and anchors various organelles

A

Cytoskeleton

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10
Q

Cell Structure

Serves as the site for fatty acid and phospholipid synthesis

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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11
Q

Organelles outside the nucleus that contain small amount of DNA (extranuclear DNA)

A

Mitochondria
Chloroplast

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12
Q

Cell Structure

  • Associated with the organization of spindle fibers
  • Play an important role in the movement of chromosomes as they separate during cell division
A

Centrioles

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13
Q

A field of genetics that involves the microscopic examination of chromosomes

A

Cytogenetics

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14
Q

An organized representation of chromosomes in a cell

A

Karyotype

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15
Q

A constricted region whose location establishes the general appearance of each chromosome

A

Centromere

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16
Q

A chromosome having a centromere at the center

A

Metacentric

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17
Q

A chromosome having a centromere slightly away from the center

A

Sub-metacentric

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18
Q

A chromosome having a centromere close to one end

A

Acrocentric

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19
Q

A chromosome having a terminal centromere

A

Telocentric

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20
Q

What are the p and q arms of chromosomes?

A
  • The p arm is the shorter arm
  • The q arm is the longer arm
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21
Q

Members of a pair of chromosomes

A

Homologs

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22
Q

Different version of a given gene

A

Alleles

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23
Q

Which chromosome determines eye color?

A

Chromosome 15
(OCA2)

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24
Q

The physical location of a gene

A

Locus

25
Q

Carry the same allele

A

Homozygous

26
Q

Carry different alleles

A

Heterozygous

27
Q

The exception to the homology of chromosomes

A

Sex Chromosomes

28
Q

Cell Cycle

  • Consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases which are critical periods involving molecular changes
A

Interphase

29
Q

Cell Cycle

  • Preparation to divide
  • May accumulate molecular changes and reach a restriction point
A

Gap 1 Phase

30
Q

Cell Cycle

  • The cell temporarily does not advance through the cycle
  • Nondividing stage
A

Gap 0 Phase

31
Q

Cell Cycle

  • Chromosome replication
  • Chromatids join together to form sister chromatids
  • Kinetochore binds to the centromere and holds the chromatids together
A

Synthesis Phase

32
Q

Cell Cycle

  • Accumulation of materials necessary for nuclear and cell division
A

Gap 2 Phase

33
Q

Structures found in eukaryotic cells from which microtubules originate

A

Microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs)

34
Q

Microtubules

  • Emanate outward from the centrosome toward the plasma membrane
A

Aster Microtubules

35
Q

Microtubules

  • Project toward the region where the chromosomes are found during mitosis
  • Push the poles away from each other
A

Polar Microtubules

36
Q

Microtubules

  • Have attachments to the kinetochores
A

Kinetochore Microtubules

37
Q

Mitosis

  • Replication of chromosomes into chromatids joined as sister chromatids
  • Nuclear membrane dissociates
  • Chromatids condense
  • Formation of mitotic spindle
  • Disappearance of nucleolus
A

Prophase

38
Q

A multi-subunit protein complex that holds the sister chromatids together

A

Cohesin

39
Q

Mitosis

  • Movement of centrosomes to opposite ends
  • Interaction of spindle fibers with the sister chromatids
  • Attachment of kinetochore microtubules
A

Prometaphase

40
Q

Mitosis

  • Sister chromatids align along the metaphase plate
  • Each pair of chromatids is attached to both poles by kinetochore microtubules
  • Chromatids arrange into a single row along the metaphase plate
A

Metaphase

41
Q

Mitosis

  • Sister chromatids are separated as an individual chromosome
  • Movement of chromosomes to opposite poles
  • Shortening of the kinetochore microtubules
  • Elongation of polar microtubules due to motor proteins
A

Anaphase

42
Q

Mitosis

  • Chromosomes reach their respective poles
  • Decondense
  • Nuclear membrane reappear to produce two nuclei
  • Nucleoli reappear
A

Telophase

43
Q

Mitosis

  • Two nuclei are separated to daughter cells
  • Segregation of cell organelles
A

Cytokinesis

44
Q

A contractile ring made up of myosin, motor proteins, and actin filaments which assembles adjacent to the plasma membrane

A

Cleavage Furrow

45
Q

Meiosis

The 5 stages of Prophase I

A

Leptotene
Zygotene
Pachytene
Diplotene
Diakinesis

46
Q

Meiosis
Prophase I

  • The replicated chromosome begins to condense and become visible with a light microscope
A

Leptotene

47
Q

Meiosis
Prophase I

  • Synapsis takes place
  • Homologous chromosomes align themselves along their entire lengths
  • Formation of synaptonemal complex
A

Zygotene

48
Q

Meiosis
Prophase I

  • Homologs have become completely aligned
  • Bivalents
  • Crossing over
A

Pachytene

49
Q

The physical exchange of chromosome pieces that results in exchange of genetic information

A

Crossing Over

50
Q

The connection resulting from the crossing over of chromatids

A

Chiasma

51
Q

Meiosis
Prophase I

  • Disappearance of the synaptonemal complex
  • Chromatids pull apart slightly
A

Diplotene

52
Q

Meiosis
Prophase I

  • Synaptonemal complex completely disappears
A

Diakinesis

53
Q

Meiosis

  • Nuclear membrane disappears
  • Formation of spindle fibers
  • Chromatids begin to move
A

Prometaphase I

54
Q

Meiosis

  • Bivalents arrange at the metaphase plate
  • The pairs of sister chromatids are aligned in a double row
A

Metaphase I

55
Q

Meiosis

  • The two pairs of sister chromatids separate from each other
  • Each sister chromatid migrates to opposite poles
A

Anaphase I

56
Q

Meiosis

  • Sister chromatids reach their respective poles
  • Nuclear membrane reforms to produce two separate nuclei
  • Reduction division
  • Haploid cells with no pairs of homologous chromosomes
A

Telophase I
Cytokinesis

57
Q

The process of producing gametes

A

Gametogenesis

58
Q

Gametes are morphologically similar

A

Isogamous

59
Q

Gametes are morphologically different

A

Heterogamous

Genetics (8 decks)

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