L2: Mitosis and Meiosis

Question 1

Structures found in living cells that contain the genetic material

Answer 1

Chromosomes

Question 2

Leads to the production of two cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

Answer 2

Mitosis

Question 3

Reduces the genetic content and number of chromosomes into half of the original

Answer 3

Meiosis

Question 4

Cell Structure

• Defines the cell boundary
• Delimits the cell from its external environment
• Actively controls the movement of materials going in and out

Answer 4

Plasma Membrane

Question 5

Cell Structure

• Found in plants
• Made of cellulose

Answer 5

Cell Wall

Question 6

Cell Structure

• Found in animals
• Provides biochemistry identity at the surface of cells
• Has receptor modules

Answer 6

Glycocalyx

Question 7

A region in the prokaryotic cytoplasm that contains the chromosome

Answer 7

Nucleoid

Question 8

Cell Structure

The entirety of the cell within the plasma membrane excluding the nucleus

Answer 8

Cytoplasm

Question 9

Cell Structure

Support structure made up of microtubules and microfilaments which maintain cell shape, facilitates mobility, and anchors various organelles

Answer 9

Cytoskeleton

Question 10

Cell Structure

Serves as the site for fatty acid and phospholipid synthesis

Answer 10

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 11

Organelles outside the nucleus that contain small amount of DNA (extranuclear DNA)

Answer 11

Mitochondria
Chloroplast

Question 12

Cell Structure

• Associated with the organization of spindle fibers
• Play an important role in the movement of chromosomes as they separate during cell division

Answer 12

Centrioles

Question 13

A field of genetics that involves the microscopic examination of chromosomes

Answer 13

Cytogenetics

Question 14

An organized representation of chromosomes in a cell

Answer 14

Karyotype

Question 15

A constricted region whose location establishes the general appearance of each chromosome

Answer 15

Centromere

Question 16

A chromosome having a centromere at the center

Answer 16

Metacentric

Question 17

A chromosome having a centromere slightly away from the center

Answer 17

Sub-metacentric

Question 18

A chromosome having a centromere close to one end

Answer 18

Acrocentric

Question 19

A chromosome having a terminal centromere

Answer 19

Telocentric

Question 20

What are the p and q arms of chromosomes?

Answer 20

• The p arm is the shorter arm
• The q arm is the longer arm

Question 21

Members of a pair of chromosomes

Answer 21

Homologs

Question 22

Different version of a given gene

Answer 22

Alleles

Question 23

Which chromosome determines eye color?

Answer 23

Chromosome 15
(OCA2)

Question 24

The physical location of a gene

Answer 24

Locus

Question 25

Carry the same allele

Answer 25

Homozygous

Question 26

Carry different alleles

Answer 26

Heterozygous

Question 27

The exception to the homology of chromosomes

Answer 27

Sex Chromosomes

Question 28

**Cell Cycle** - Consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases which are critical periods involving molecular changes

Answer 28

Interphase

Question 29

**Cell Cycle** - Preparation to divide - May accumulate molecular changes and reach a restriction point

Answer 29

Gap 1 Phase

Question 30

**Cell Cycle** - The cell temporarily does not advance through the cycle - Nondividing stage

Answer 30

Gap 0 Phase

Question 31

**Cell Cycle** - Chromosome replication - Chromatids join together to form sister chromatids - Kinetochore binds to the centromere and holds the chromatids together

Answer 31

Synthesis Phase

Question 32

**Cell Cycle** - Accumulation of materials necessary for nuclear and cell division

Answer 32

Gap 2 Phase

Question 33

Structures found in eukaryotic cells from which microtubules originate

Answer 33

Microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs)

Question 34

**Microtubules** - Emanate outward from the centrosome toward the plasma membrane

Answer 34

Aster Microtubules

Question 35

**Microtubules** - Project toward the region where the chromosomes are found during mitosis - Push the poles away from each other

Answer 35

Polar Microtubules

Question 36

**Microtubules** - Have attachments to the kinetochores

Answer 36

Kinetochore Microtubules

Question 37

**Mitosis** - Replication of chromosomes into chromatids joined as sister chromatids - Nuclear membrane dissociates - Chromatids condense - Formation of mitotic spindle - Disappearance of nucleolus

Answer 37

Prophase

Question 38

A multi-subunit protein complex that holds the sister chromatids together

Answer 38

Cohesin

Question 39

**Mitosis** - Movement of centrosomes to opposite ends - Interaction of spindle fibers with the sister chromatids - Attachment of kinetochore microtubules

Answer 39

Prometaphase

Question 40

**Mitosis** - Sister chromatids align along the metaphase plate - Each pair of chromatids is attached to both poles by kinetochore microtubules - Chromatids arrange into a single row along the metaphase plate

Answer 40

Metaphase

Question 41

**Mitosis** - Sister chromatids are separated as an individual chromosome - Movement of chromosomes to opposite poles - Shortening of the kinetochore microtubules - Elongation of polar microtubules due to motor proteins

Answer 41

Anaphase

Question 42

**Mitosis** - Chromosomes reach their respective poles - Decondense - Nuclear membrane reappear to produce two nuclei - Nucleoli reappear

Answer 42

Telophase

Question 43

**Mitosis** - Two nuclei are separated to daughter cells - Segregation of cell organelles

Answer 43

Cytokinesis

Question 44

A contractile ring made up of myosin, motor proteins, and actin filaments which assembles adjacent to the plasma membrane

Answer 44

Cleavage Furrow

Question 45

**Meiosis** The 5 stages of Prophase I

Answer 45

Leptotene Zygotene Pachytene Diplotene Diakinesis

Question 46

**Meiosis** *Prophase I* - The replicated chromosome begins to condense and become visible with a light microscope

Answer 46

Leptotene

Question 47

**Meiosis** *Prophase I* - Synapsis takes place - Homologous chromosomes align themselves along their entire lengths - Formation of synaptonemal complex

Answer 47

Zygotene

Question 48

**Meiosis** *Prophase I* - Homologs have become completely aligned - Bivalents - Crossing over

Answer 48

Pachytene

Question 49

The physical exchange of chromosome pieces that results in exchange of genetic information

Answer 49

Crossing Over

Question 50

The connection resulting from the crossing over of chromatids

Answer 50

Chiasma

Question 51

**Meiosis** *Prophase I* - Disappearance of the synaptonemal complex - Chromatids pull apart slightly

Answer 51

Diplotene

Question 52

**Meiosis** *Prophase I* - Synaptonemal complex completely disappears

Answer 52

Diakinesis

Question 53

**Meiosis** - Nuclear membrane disappears - Formation of spindle fibers - Chromatids begin to move

Answer 53

Prometaphase I

Question 54

**Meiosis** - Bivalents arrange at the metaphase plate - The pairs of sister chromatids are aligned in a double row

Answer 54

Metaphase I

Question 55

**Meiosis** - The two pairs of sister chromatids separate from each other - Each sister chromatid migrates to opposite poles

Answer 55

Anaphase I

Question 56

**Meiosis** - Sister chromatids reach their respective poles - Nuclear membrane reforms to produce two separate nuclei - Reduction division - Haploid cells with no pairs of homologous chromosomes

Answer 56

Telophase I Cytokinesis

Question 57

The process of producing gametes

Answer 57

Gametogenesis

Question 58

Gametes are morphologically similar

Answer 58

Isogamous

Question 59

Gametes are morphologically different

Answer 59

Heterogamous