Session 9 - Respiratory System Flashcards
What divides the nasal cavity into two?
Nasal septum
What is the nasal septum?
A structure that divides the nasal cavity into two when viewed from the front. It is composed of a cartilaginous anterior and a bony posterior.
What are the nasal conchae?
Three curved bones shelves projecting medially and downwards from the lateral wall of each side of the nasal cavity. They are the inferior, middle and superior nasal concha.
What is the function of the nasal conchae?
They are responsible for guiding air from the external environment into the nasal cavity and to the posterior of it.
They are responsible for warming the air as it enters through the nasal cavity.
They have cilia hair on them to trap dust and microbes in the air that you breath
What is a meatus?
The space below a concha where air flows through. We have a superior, middle and inferior meatus. Pl. meatuses
What are air sinuses?
Paired cavities in the bones of the skull surrounding the nasal cavity.
what is the name of the bone that forms the posterior part of the nasal septum?
ethmoid bone
Name the air sinuses
- maxillary air sinuses
- ethmoidal air sinuses
- frontal air sinuses
- sphenoidal air sinuses
where are the maxillary air sinuses located?
in the maxilla below the orbit
where do the maxillary air sinuses open?
into the middle meatuses
where are the ethmoidal air sinuses located?
between the lateral wall of the nose and the medial wall of the orbit
where do the ethmoidal sinuses open?
into the superior and middle meatuses
where is the frontal air sinus located?
in the frontal bone above the orbit
Where does the frontal air sinus open?
its duct opens into the middle meatus
where is the sphenoidal air sinus located?
behind the nasal cavity in the body of the sphenoid bone
where does the sphenoidal air sinus open into?
a recess above the superior meatus called the sphenoethmoidal recess
Name the three parts of pharynx
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
where is the nasopharynx located?
it is attached to the base of skull and is located behind the posterior nasal opening
which tubes open into the nasopharynx?
pharyngo-tympanic tubes
Where are the adenoids located?
in the posterior wall of nasopharynx
where are the palatine tonsils located?
oropharynx
Name the muscles that make up the wall of the pharynx
- superior constrictor
- middle constrictor
- inferior constrictor
Which cartilages form the external skeleton of the larynx?
- thyroid cartilage
- cricoid cartilage
- two arytenoid cartilages
- epiglottis
What is the thyroid cartilage?
It consists of two plates united in front to from the “Adam’s apple”
What is the cricoid cartilage?
it lies inferior to the thyroid cartilage and resembles a signet ring with the broad part behind
What joins the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage?
crico-thyroid membrane
What is the narrow opening between the vocal cords called?
rima glottidis
What are the three parts of the thoracic cavity?
- left pleural cavity
- right pleural cavity
- mediastinum
What are lines of pleural reflections?
The lines where the different parts of the pleura meet
What is the vertebral position of the larynx?
C3-C6
Where does the the trachea attach to the cricoid cartilage?
C6
Where does the trachea bifurcate?
T4/T5
What is the name of the vocal cords?
cricothyroid ligament
What is the name of the false vocal chord?
vestibular ligament/Vestibular fold
What are the 3 parts of the thoracic cavity?
- left plueral cavity
- right pleural cavity
- mediastinum
where is the parietal pleura reflected into the visceral pleura?
the hilum of the lung
Describe the pleural lines of reflection
- the costo-mediastinal line of reflection begins on both sides of the neck on the level of the first rib.
- it runs obliquely downwards to the median line at the level of the 2nd costal cartilage (sternal angle).
- behind the sternum the right and left pleurae meet and run vertically to inferior to the level of the 4th costal cartilage.
- on the right side, the pleural reflection continues straight down to the 6th costal cartilage.
- on the left side, the pleural reflection deviates laterally at the level of the 4th costal cartilage and descends lateral to the border of the sternum to reach the 6th costal cartilage.
- each pleural reflection deviates laterally at the level of the 6th costal cartilage and passes around the chest wall.
- they cross the midclavicular line at the 8th rib, the midaxillary at the 10th rib and the neck of the 12th rib.
- between the neck of the 12th rib and the origin of the pleural reflection, the surface marking runs lateral to the vertebral bodies to superior.
what are pleural recesses?
areas in the pleural sacs that are not filled with by lung during tranquil respiration
where is the costo-mediastinal recess located?
it lies anterior where the costal and mediastinal pluera meet
where are the right and left costo-diaphragmatic recesses located?
each lies inferior where the costal and diaphragmatic pleura meet in the narrow slit between the chest wall and the diaphragm.
Describe the surface anatomy of the lungs
Each lung has:
* a rounded apex which stretches above the first rib and behind the middle 1/3 of the clavicle.
* a concave base related to the superior surface of the dome of the diaphragm.
* a convex costal surface conforming to the shape of the thoracic wall.
* a medial surface which lies against the vertebral column and the mediastinum and demonstrates a deep cardiac notch in the left lung.
* the posterior border is rounded to fit into the para-vertebral gutter.
* the anterior border is sharp but the left one has a deep cardiac notch.
* the inferior edge of the notch is called the lingula
* the inferior border is sharp in accordance with the costo-diaphragmatic recess.
what is the lingula?
the inferior edge of the cardiac notch
what is contained in each hilum of the lung?
- main bronchus
- one pulmonary artery
- two pulmonary veins
what is the highest structure in the hilum of the right lung?
bronchus
what is the highest structure in the hilum of the left lung?
pulmonary artery
name the lobes of the left lung
- superior lobe
- inferior lobe
what divides the left lung into the superior and inferior lobe?
the oblique fissure
name the lobes of the right lung
- superior lobe
- middle lobe
- inferior lobe
what divides the superior lobe of the right lung from the inferior lobe?
the oblique fissure
what divides the middle lobe of the lung from the inferior lobe?
the horizontal fissure
describe the surface anatomy of the oblique fissure
it is indicated by an imaginary line running from the spinous process of T4 vertebrae on the contour of the 6th rib to the 6th costal cartilage
describe the surface anatomy of the horizontal fissure
the line of the horizontal fissure on the level of the 4th intercostal space.
what are the difference between the left and right lung?
- right lung has 3 lobes while left lung has 2
- the right lung is shorter because of the large right lobe of the liver
- right lung is wider because of the large cardiac notch of the left lung
- the anterior border of the left lung has the cardiac notch and the lingula while the right lung does not
- the broncho-pulmonary segments differ
- the hilum differ
- the main bronchi are differents
