Session 10 - Gastrointestinal System Flashcards
What is the abdomino-pelvic cavity?
A roughly cylindrical chamber extending from the inferior margin of the thorax to the superior margin of the pelvis and the lower limb
What is the abdominal wall composed off?
- Skin
- Fascia
- Os coxae
- Vertebral column
- Ribs
- Muscles of posterior abdominal wall
- Muscles of antero-lateral abdominal wall
Which arteries supply the anterior-lateral abdominal wall?
- Intercostal and subcostal arteries
- Inferior and superior epigastric arteries
Which arteries supply the posterior abdominal wall?
- Four pairs of lumbar arteries
- Branches of the aorta
Which nerves supply the abdominal wall?
- Lower five intercostal nerves (T7-T11)
- Subcoastal nerve (T12)
- Ilio-inguinal and ilio hypogastric nerves (L1)
Where do the superficial lymph vessels superior to the umbilicus drain to?
The axillary lymph nodes
Which lymph vessels drain to the axillary lymph nodes?
Superficial lymph vessels superior to the umbilicus
To where do the superficial lymph vessels inferior to the umbilicus drain to?
The inguinal lymph nodes
Which lymph vessels drain to the inguinal lymph nodes?
Superficial lymph vessels inferior to the umbilicus
What is the peritoneum?
A continuous serous membrane of connective tissue which lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs.
What does parietal peritoneum line?
The abdominal cavity
What does the visceral peritoneum line?
It covers the organs in the abdomen
What is the function of the peritoneum?
It acts to support the viscera and provides a pathway for blood vessels, nerves and lymph.
What is the peritoneal cavity?
A potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum. it contains a small amount of peritoneal fluid.
What is a mesentery?
A double layer of visceral peritoneum.
What are intraperitoneal organs?
Organs in the abdomen that are almost completely covered in visceral peritoneum, anteriorly and posteriorly. they have a mesentery.
What are retroperitoneal organs?
Organs in the abdomen that lie posterior to the parietal peritoneum and thus are covered by peritoneum on their anterior surface.
List 5 examples of intraperitoneal viscera.
- stomach
- liver
- spleen
- jejunum
- ilium
What is the name of the mesentery around jejunum and ilium?
true mesentery
Where is true mesentery located?
Around the jejunum and ilium
what is the name of the mesentery around the transverse colon?
transverse mesocolon
what is the transverse mesocolon?
the mesentery that covers the transverse colon
What is the name of the mesentery that covers the appendix?
the meso-appendix
what is the name of the mesentery that covers the sigmoid colon?
the meso-sigmoid colon
give the 2 names of the mesentery of the stomach
- lesser omentum
- greater omentum
where is the lesser omentum located?
it stretches from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the inferior surface of the liver
where is the greater omentum located?
it hangs down from the greater curvature of the stomach to cover and protect the abdominal organs like an apron
list 6 examples of retroperitoneal viscera
- oesophagus
- pancreas
- largest part of duodenum
- ascending colon
- descending colon
- kidneys
where does the aorta bifurcate?
L4
which arteries supply the inferior surface of the diaphragm?
one pair of phrenic arteries
name the three pairs of arteries the supply the paired glands and organs.
- left and right renal arteries
- left and right suprarenal arteries
- left and right gonadal arteries
to where do the suprarenal arteries supply blood?
the adrenal glands
name the branches of the aorta that supply blood to the digestive tract.
- coeliac trunk
- superior mesenteric artery
- inferior mesenteric artery
which structures does the coeliac trunk supply?
structures that develop from the foregut
which structures the superior mesenteric artery supply?
structures that develop from the midgut
which structures does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?
structures that develop in the hindgut
what is the one exception with regards to the branches of the inferior vena cava corresponding those of the aorta?
the veins from the digestive don’t drain directly to the inferior vena cava
what is the nerve supply of the organs in abdomen and pelvis?
the autonomic nervous system
what does the foregut consist of?
abdominal oesophagus
stomach
liver
gallbladder
bile ducts
pancreas
upper duodenum
what does the midgut consist of?
jejunum
ileum
cecum
appendix
ascending colon
proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
what does the hindgut consist of?
distal 1/3 of transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
upper anal canal
urogenital sinus
what are the 3 classes of organs with regards to their relationship with the peritoneum?
- intraperitoneal
- retroperitoneal
- with a mesentery
what is the vertebral level of the coeliac trunk?
L1
what is the vertebral level of the superior mesenteric artery?
L1
what is the vertebral level of the inferior mesenteric artery?
L3
instead of draining into the inferior vena cava, where do the digestive tract veins drain?
the digestive tract veins converge to form the portal vein that enters the liver
describe the lymphatic drainage of the abdomen and pelvis.
the lymph vessels from the organs in the abdomen and pelvis accompany the arteries the supply them and drain into the respective lymph nodes. The lymph nodes eventually drain to the cisterna chyli.
where is the cisterna chyli found?
the origin of the thoracic duct
what are the components of the digestive system?
oral cavity
pharynx
oesophagus
stomach
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
ileocecal junction
colon
rectum
anal canal
what are the two parts if the oral cavity and their location?
- the vestibule - located outside the teeth between the lips/cheek and teeth
- true oral cavity - located on the inside of the teeth
where is the mucous membrane located?
it lines the walls of the oral cavity
what are the walls of the oral cavity lined by?
mucous membrane
what do we find in the mouth?
- teeth
- tongue
- salivary glands
describe the composition of the roof of the walls of the mouth/oral cavity
the anterior is formed by the hard palate and the posterior by the soft palate. The posterior end of the soft palate is the uvula.
where is the uvula located?
by the posterior end of the soft palate
describe the composition of the lateral walls of the mouth/oral cavity
the cheeks and anterior wall of the mouth
describe the composition of the posterior of the mouth/oral cavity
posteriorly the oral cavity is continuous with the oropharynx. On either side of the posterior opening of the mouth are the palatine tonsils that lie between two folds that descend from the uvula
where are the palatine tonsils located?
on either side of the posterior opening of the mouth between two folds that descend from the uvula
Name the categories of teeth found in adult humans
- incisors
- canines
- pre-molars
- molars
what is the dental/tooth formula for temporary teeth?
I:C:P
2:1:2
what is the dental/tooth formula for permanent teeth?
I:C:P:M
2:1:2:3
What are the functions of the tongue?
- speech
- chewing and swallowing
- taste
describe the surface of the tongue
the surface is covered with a mucous membrane and it has papillae that are adapted to detect taste.
name the 3 pairs of salivary glands whose ducts open in the oral cavity
- parotid
- submandibular
- sublingual
what is the location of the parotid salivary gland?
It lies anterior to the ear and the parotid duct passes through the buccinator muscle and opens in the mouth next to the second upper molar tooth
what is the location of the submandibular salivary gland?
It lies medial to the body of the mandible and its duct opens into the floor of the mouth.
what is the location of the sublingual salivary glands?
each lies on the floor of the mouth on either side of the midline.
which salivary glands lies anterior to the ear?
parotid salivary gland
which salivary glands lie medial to the body of the mandible?
submandibular salivary glands
what is the location of the oesophagus in the neck?
It lies anterior to the cervical vertebrae and behind the trachea
describe the pathway of the oesophagus
it descends through the thorax through the posterior mediastinum, deviating slightly to the left just before it pierces the diaphragm.
Name the layers of the wall of the oesophagus
- mucous membrane (mucosa)
- submucosa
- muscular layer arranged in an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer
- the peritoneum only in the abdomen part
Give the location of the stomach
it is an intraperitoneal organ located to the left of the liver and under cover of the anterior abdominal wall and the lower ribs
On which vertebral level is the transpyloric plane?
L1
What is the lesser curvature of the stomach?
the superior border of the stomach
What is the greater curvature of the stomach?
the inferior border of the stomach
what is the shape of the stomach?
J-shaped
Where is the fundus of the stomach located?
above the oesophageal orifice.
What does coeliac trunk branch into?
- common hepatic artery
- left gastric artery
- splenic artery
Describe the parts of the duodenum
- first part ascends to the right from the pyloric sphincter
- second part descends and receives the common bile and pancreatic duct
- third part passes to the left is somewhat horizontal
- fourth part ascends to become the jejunum
What is the vertebral level of the duodenojejunal flexure?
L2
What is the vertebral level of the duodenojejunal flexure?
L2
what is the vertebral level of the first part of the duodenum?
L1
What is the vertebral level of the second part of the duodenum?
L1-L3
What is the vertebral level of the second part of the duodenum?
L1-L3
What is the vertebral level of the third part of the duodenum?
L3
What is the vertebral level of the third part of the duodenum?
L3
What is the vertebral level of the fourth part of the duodenum?
L2
What is the position of the duodenum?
It is located mainly intraperitoneally on the posterior wall
What is the difference between the jejunum and ileum?
The jejunum has a thicker mucous membrane and muscular wall than the ileum and a richer blood supply.
Which is longer, the jejunum or the ileum?
Jejunum - 2/3
In which part of the small intestine does the most digestion take place?
Jejunum
List the parts of the colon
- Ileocecal valve
- Caecum and appendix vermiformis
- Ascending colon
- Transverse colon
- Descending colon
- Sigmoid colon
What is the caecum?
The sac-like part of the colon situated inferior to the ileocecal valve.
From where is the appendix vermiformis suspended?
The caecum
What parts of the colon does the superior mesenteric artery supply?
- Caecum
- Ascending colon
- Transverse colon
What parts of the colon does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?
Descending colon
Describe the location of the ascending colon.
It passes from the caecum to the visceral surface of the liver and anterior surface of the right kidney and forms the right colic flexure.
Describe the location of the transverse colon
It runs from the right colic flexure, transversely across the abdomen from right to left to reach the left colic flexure near the spleen. It hangs inferior to the stomach over the small intestines.
What are the appendices epiploica?
Little fat appendages from the taenia coli
What are the Haustra of the colon?
A series of sacculations of the colon as a result of the taenia coli being shorter than the colon which then pouches the wall of the colon
Where is the rectum located?
It is situated in the midline anterior to the sacrum and it pierces the levator ani muscle (pelvic diaphragm) to become the anal canal.
What is the dermatome of the umbilicus?
T10
Name the sphincters in the anal canal
- Internal involuntary sphincter
- External voluntary sphincter
What is the largest gland in the body?
The liver
what vertebral level is the coeliac trunk?
L1
How many lobes does the liver have?
4
where are the caudate and quadrate lobes of the liver located?
on the visceral surface
what is the function of the gallbladder?
it serves a temporary reservoir for bile
what is the name of the common bile duct?
ductus choledochus
what is the function of the pancreas?
it secretes enzymes for digestion and the hormone insulin which is responsible for sugar metabolism.
which artery mainly supplies the pancreas?
splenic artery
what is the spleen?
An intraperitoneal, blood-forming and lymphoid organ located in the left hypochondrium opposite ribs 9-11
what is another name for adrenal glands?
suprarenal glands
what type of glands are the adrenal glands?
endocrine glands
what is another name for the transpyloric plane?
Addison’s plane
