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MANA 1513 > Session 4 - Articular System > Flashcards

Session 4 - Articular System Flashcards

1
Q

Where do joints form during embryonic development?

A

The joint plate between adjacent ends of two developing bones

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2
Q

What kind of joints can be formed from the joint plate?

A

A fibrous bond can form
A primary cartilaginous joint can form
A synovial joint can form

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3
Q

How does a synovial joint form from the joint plate?

A

The joint plate dissolves leaving behind a cavity. The cavity is bounded by a sleeve of fibrous tissue to unite the two bones. The sleeve is called the Articular capsule.

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4
Q

What is the name of the sleeve of fibrous tissue that forms a synovial joint?

A

Articular capsule

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5
Q

What are the three types of joints according to structure?

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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6
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

A joint where the bones are united by dense fibrous connective tissue.

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7
Q

What are examples of fibrous joints?

A

Sutures
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis

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8
Q

What is an example of a suture?

A

The Coronal suture

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9
Q

What is an example of a syndesmosis?

A

The interosseous membrane joining the radius and ulna

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10
Q

What is an example of a gomphosis?

A

The tooth and its alveolar socket

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11
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

Joints where two bones are united by cartilage

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12
Q

What are primary cartilaginous joints called?

A

Synchondrosis

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13
Q

What kind of cartilage is found in synchrondoses?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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14
Q

What are secondary cartilaginous joints called?

A

Symphysis

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15
Q

What kind of cartilage is found in symphyses?

A

Fibrocartilage

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16
Q

What are examples of a synchondrosis?

A

The epiphyseal plate
Between the first rib and the sternum

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17
Q

Where are symphyses found?

A

The midline of the body - the vertebrae and the pelvis

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18
Q

What are examples are symphyses?

A

Intervertebral joints
Pubic symphysis
Manubriosternal joint

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19
Q

What is a synovial joint composed of?

A

A joint capsule with a fibrous outer layer and an inner layer of serous synovial membrane which produces synovial fluid. The synovial fluid fills up the Articular cavity and reduces friction between the articular cartilage of each bone

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20
Q

What are menisci? Singular - meniscus

A

Discs of Fibrocartilage that separate two articular surfaces

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21
Q

What are synovial joints joints of?

A

They are joints of locomotion

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22
Q

What is the function of the ligaments of synovial joints?

A

They help stabilise the joint

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23
Q

What are the two types of synovial ligaments?

A

Intra-capsular
Extra-capsular

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24
Q

What are the two types of Extra-capsular synovial ligaments?

A

Intrinsic
Extrinsic

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25
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic ligament?

A

To thicken the synovial capsule

26
Q

What are the types of joints in terms of movement that synovial joints can be?

A

Uni-axial
Bi-axial
Multi-axial

27
Q

What are uni-axial joints?

A

Joints that have two movements in one plane

28
Q

Which joints are uni-axial?

A

Pivot joints
Hinge joints
Plane joints

29
Q

Give an example of a pivot joint?

A

Atlanta-axial joint

30
Q

Give an example of a hinge joint

A

Elbow joint
Knee joint

31
Q

Give an example of a plane joint

A

Acromioclavicular joint

32
Q

What kind of movement occurs at a pivot joint?

A

Rotation around a central axis

33
Q

What kind of movement occurs in hinge joints?

A

Only flexion and extension

34
Q

What kind of movement occurs in plane joints?

A

Gliding or sliding

35
Q

What are bi-axial joints?

A

Joints that have four movements in two planes

36
Q

Which joints are bi-axial?

A

Saddle joints
Condyloid joints

37
Q

Give an example of a saddle joint

A

Carpo-metacarpal joint of the thumb

38
Q

Give an example of a condyloid joint

A

Metacarpo-phalangeal joint (knuckles)

39
Q

What kind of movement occurs in saddle joints?

A

Flexion and extension
Adduction and abduction

40
Q

What kind of movement occurs in condyloid joints?

A

Flexion and extension
Adduction and abduction

41
Q

What are multi-axial joints?

A

Joints with six movements in three planes

42
Q

Which joints are multi-axial?

A

Ball and socket joint

43
Q

Give an example of a ball and socket joint?

A

Hip joint
Shoulder joint

44
Q

What kind of movement occurs in ball and socket joints?

A

Flexion and extension
Adduction and abduction
Medial and lateral rotation
Circumduction

45
Q

Which joint is found in the shoulder? Classify it according to movement.

A

Ball and socket (multi-axial)

46
Q

Which joint is found in the elbow? Classify it according to movement.

A

Hinge joint (uni-axial)

47
Q

Which joint is found in the wrist? Classify it according to movement.

A

Plane joint (uni-axial)

48
Q

Which joint is found in the hip? Classify it according to movement.

A

Ball and socket (multi-axial)

49
Q

Which joint is found in the knee? Classify it according to movement.

A

Hinge joint (uni-axial)

50
Q

Which joint is found in the ankle? Classify it according to movement.

A

Hinge joint (uni-axial)

51
Q

Which joint is found in the thumb? Classify it according to movement.

A

Hinge joint (uni-axial)

52
Q

Which joint is found in the finger? Classify it according to movement.

A

Saddle joint (bi-axial)

53
Q

Which joint is found in the toe? Classify it according to movement.

A
54
Q

In which axis does abduction and adduction in frontal planes occur?

A

Mediolateral axis

55
Q

In which axis does flexion and extension in sagittal planes occur?

A

Anteroposterior axis

56
Q

State Hilton’s law.

A

The motor nerve to a muscle gives a branch of supply to the joint that is moved by the muscle as well as a branch to the skin overlying the joint.

57
Q

What is a syndesmosis?

A

A type of fibrous joint that unites bones with a sheet of fibrous tissue, either a ligament or a fibrous membrane.

58
Q

Define arthroscopy

A

A surgical procedure that involves the examining of synovial joints by the insertion of a cannula and an arthroscope.

59
Q

List the factors that stabilise a joint

A
  1. Shape of articulating bones
  2. Capsule
  3. Ligaments
  4. Muscles
60
Q

What are sutures?

A

Fibrous bands of tissue that connect the bones of the skull

MANA 1513 (17 decks)

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