Session 4 - Articular System Flashcards
Where do joints form during embryonic development?
The joint plate between adjacent ends of two developing bones
What kind of joints can be formed from the joint plate?
A fibrous bond can form
A primary cartilaginous joint can form
A synovial joint can form
How does a synovial joint form from the joint plate?
The joint plate dissolves leaving behind a cavity. The cavity is bounded by a sleeve of fibrous tissue to unite the two bones. The sleeve is called the Articular capsule.
What is the name of the sleeve of fibrous tissue that forms a synovial joint?
Articular capsule
What are the three types of joints according to structure?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
What is a fibrous joint?
A joint where the bones are united by dense fibrous connective tissue.
What are examples of fibrous joints?
Sutures
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis
What is an example of a suture?
The Coronal suture
What is an example of a syndesmosis?
The interosseous membrane joining the radius and ulna
What is an example of a gomphosis?
The tooth and its alveolar socket
What are cartilaginous joints?
Joints where two bones are united by cartilage
What are primary cartilaginous joints called?
Synchondrosis
What kind of cartilage is found in synchrondoses?
Hyaline cartilage
What are secondary cartilaginous joints called?
Symphysis
What kind of cartilage is found in symphyses?
Fibrocartilage
What are examples of a synchondrosis?
The epiphyseal plate
Between the first rib and the sternum
Where are symphyses found?
The midline of the body - the vertebrae and the pelvis
What are examples are symphyses?
Intervertebral joints
Pubic symphysis
Manubriosternal joint
What is a synovial joint composed of?
A joint capsule with a fibrous outer layer and an inner layer of serous synovial membrane which produces synovial fluid. The synovial fluid fills up the Articular cavity and reduces friction between the articular cartilage of each bone
What are menisci? Singular - meniscus
Discs of Fibrocartilage that separate two articular surfaces
What are synovial joints joints of?
They are joints of locomotion
What is the function of the ligaments of synovial joints?
They help stabilise the joint
What are the two types of synovial ligaments?
Intra-capsular
Extra-capsular
What are the two types of Extra-capsular synovial ligaments?
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
What is the function of the intrinsic ligament?
To thicken the synovial capsule
What are the types of joints in terms of movement that synovial joints can be?
Uni-axial
Bi-axial
Multi-axial
What are uni-axial joints?
Joints that have two movements in one plane
Which joints are uni-axial?
Pivot joints
Hinge joints
Plane joints
Give an example of a pivot joint?
Atlanta-axial joint
Give an example of a hinge joint
Elbow joint
Knee joint
Give an example of a plane joint
Acromioclavicular joint
What kind of movement occurs at a pivot joint?
Rotation around a central axis
What kind of movement occurs in hinge joints?
Only flexion and extension
What kind of movement occurs in plane joints?
Gliding or sliding
What are bi-axial joints?
Joints that have four movements in two planes
Which joints are bi-axial?
Saddle joints
Condyloid joints
Give an example of a saddle joint
Carpo-metacarpal joint of the thumb
Give an example of a condyloid joint
Metacarpo-phalangeal joint (knuckles)
What kind of movement occurs in saddle joints?
Flexion and extension
Adduction and abduction
What kind of movement occurs in condyloid joints?
Flexion and extension
Adduction and abduction
What are multi-axial joints?
Joints with six movements in three planes
Which joints are multi-axial?
Ball and socket joint
Give an example of a ball and socket joint?
Hip joint
Shoulder joint
What kind of movement occurs in ball and socket joints?
Flexion and extension
Adduction and abduction
Medial and lateral rotation
Circumduction
Which joint is found in the shoulder? Classify it according to movement.
Ball and socket (multi-axial)
Which joint is found in the elbow? Classify it according to movement.
Hinge joint (uni-axial)
Which joint is found in the wrist? Classify it according to movement.
Plane joint (uni-axial)
Which joint is found in the hip? Classify it according to movement.
Ball and socket (multi-axial)
Which joint is found in the knee? Classify it according to movement.
Hinge joint (uni-axial)
Which joint is found in the ankle? Classify it according to movement.
Hinge joint (uni-axial)
Which joint is found in the thumb? Classify it according to movement.
Hinge joint (uni-axial)
Which joint is found in the finger? Classify it according to movement.
Saddle joint (bi-axial)
Which joint is found in the toe? Classify it according to movement.
In which axis does abduction and adduction in frontal planes occur?
Mediolateral axis
In which axis does flexion and extension in sagittal planes occur?
Anteroposterior axis
State Hilton’s law.
The motor nerve to a muscle gives a branch of supply to the joint that is moved by the muscle as well as a branch to the skin overlying the joint.
What is a syndesmosis?
A type of fibrous joint that unites bones with a sheet of fibrous tissue, either a ligament or a fibrous membrane.
Define arthroscopy
A surgical procedure that involves the examining of synovial joints by the insertion of a cannula and an arthroscope.
List the factors that stabilise a joint
- Shape of articulating bones
- Capsule
- Ligaments
- Muscles
What are sutures?
Fibrous bands of tissue that connect the bones of the skull
