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MANA 1513 > Session 3 - Skeletal System > Flashcards

Session 3 - Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two functional parts of the skeleton?

A
  1. Axial skeleton
  2. Appendicular skeleton
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2
Q

Which tissues make the largest contribution to the skeleton?

A
  1. Bone tissue
  2. Cartilage tissue
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3
Q

What is the name of cells that form bone tissue?

A

Osteoblasts

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4
Q

Which cells are responsible for the dissolution and absorption of bone?

A

Osteoclasts

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5
Q

What is the name of the cells that form cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes

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6
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

The layer that covers cartilage. It nourishes and repairs cartilage and serves as site of attachment for tendons and ligaments.

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7
Q

Where is cartilage usually found on the skeleton?

A

The part of the skeleton where more flexibility is required.

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8
Q

Briefly describe the changes in the proportion of cartilage and bone’s contribution to the skeleton at different ages from embryo to old age.

A

The younger a person is, the more cartilage they have. Newborns have soft and flexible joints and their skeletons comprise mostly of cartilage.

As people get older, the proportion of bone and cartilage changes and they develop more bone and less cartilage.

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9
Q

List the functions of bone tissue and the skeletal system

A
  1. Provides support for the body and vital cavities
  2. Protects vital structures
  3. It is the mechanical basis for movement
  4. Provides storage for salts e.g. calcium
  5. Provides continuous supply of new blood cells from the bone marrow
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10
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

The vascular connective tissue membrane that covers the outer surface of the bone.

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11
Q

What are the functions of the periosteum?

A
  1. Nourishes and repairs bone tissue
  2. Serves as site for the attachment of tendons and ligaments
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12
Q

What is the general structure that all bones have?

A

All bones have a thin layer of compact bone (solid matter) which provides strength for weight bearing, a central mass of spongy bone and a medullary cavity where blood cells and platelets are formed.

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13
Q

What are the types of bones according to shape?

A
  1. Long bones - have 2 epiphysis and diaphysis
  2. Short bones - are cuboidal in shape and found in the wrist (carpals) and ankle (tarsus)
  3. Flat bones - provide protection
  4. Irregular bones - have various shapes
  5. Sesamoid bones - found in tendons and protect from excessive wear and change of angle
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14
Q

Give examples of long bones.

A

Femur
Humerus
Tibia
Fibula

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15
Q

Give examples of short bones

A

Carpals of the wrist
Tarsals of the ankle

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16
Q

Gives examples of flat bones

A

Sternum
Cranium

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17
Q

Give examples of irregular bones

A

Vertebrae
Face bones

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18
Q

Give an example of a sesamoid bone

A

Patella

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19
Q

What are the two types of bones according to development?

A

Intramembranous bone
Endochondral bone

20
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A

Embryonic connective tissue with the capacity to for bone

21
Q

Describe the ossification of intramembranous bone

A

It ossifies directly from the mesenchyme in the foetal period and forms the flat bones of the skull

22
Q

Describe the ossification of endochondral bone

A
  1. Mesenchymal cells condense and differentiate into chondroblasts thereby forming a cartilaginous bone model.
  2. In the mid-region of the model, the cartilage calcifies and periosteal capillaries grow into into the calcified cartilage of the bone model and supply its interior. These blood vessels along with associated osteogenic cells, form a periosteal bud.
  3. The capillaries initiate the primary ossification centre.
23
Q

What are the six major parts of a typical long bone?

A

Epiphysis
Epiphysial plate
Diaphysis
Metaphysis
Epiphysial plate
Epiphysis

24
Q

Where does bone tissue receive nutrients?

A

Bone tissue receives nutrients via the nutrient arteries which enter the bone at a nutrient foramen

25
Q

Describe bone growth in response to a fracture

A
  1. Reduction of fractions occurs
  2. New blood vessels develop
  3. Collagen producing fibroblasts forms a collar of callus to hold the bones together
  4. Callus calcifies as osteoblasts form insoluble crystals
  5. The callus is resorbed and replaced by bone matrix
26
Q

List the types of cartilage.

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage
  2. Elastic cartilage
  3. Fibrocartilage
27
Q

List the primary subdivisions of the axial skeleton.

A

Skull
Vertebrae (including sacrum)
Hyoid bone
Ribs
Sternum

28
Q

List the primary subdivisions of the appendicular skeleton

A

Bones of limbs
Shoulder girdle
Pelvic girdle

29
Q

What is the capitulum?

A

Small, round articulating head

30
Q

What is a condyle?

A

Rounded, knuckle-like articular area, often occurring in pairs.

31
Q

What is a crest?

A

Ridge of a bone

32
Q

What is a facet?

A

Smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone.

33
Q

What is a foramen?

A

A passage through a bone

34
Q

What is a fossa?

A

A hollow or depressed area

35
Q

What is a groove?

A

An elongated depression or furrow

36
Q

What is a notch?

A

An indentation at the edge of a bone

37
Q

What is a protuberance?

A

Projection of bone

38
Q

What is a tuberosity?

A

Large rounded elevation

39
Q

What is a tubercle?

A

Small raised eminence

40
Q

What is a trochlea?

A

Spool-like articular process or a process that acts as a pulley.

41
Q

What is a trochanter?

A

Large blunt elevation

42
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

The shaft of the bone that ossified from the primary ossification centre

43
Q

Name the three fontanelles.

A

Anterior fontanelle
Posterior fontanelle
Mastoid fontanelle

44
Q

When does the anterior fontanelle become closed?

A

By 18 months

45
Q

When does the posterior fontanelle become closed?

A

At the end of 1st year

MANA 1513 (17 decks)

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