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Semester 2-MSK > Session 4-Bones And Joints > Flashcards

Session 4-Bones And Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton? (5)

A

1) Support
2) Protection
3) Movement
4) Mineral and growth factor storage
5) Haematopoesis

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2
Q

Bone is the primary site of storage for which growth factor?

A

Insulin-like growth factor

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3
Q

True or false: long bone is primarily compact bone but may have spongy bone at extremities

A

TRUE

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4
Q

What is the articular cartilage of long bone covered in?

A

Hyaline

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5
Q

Why is the medullary cavity of long bone red in children?

A

Haematopoesis is occurring

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6
Q

Give an example of a long bone

A

Femur

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7
Q

How do muscles act on long bone?

A

As rigid levers

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8
Q

Give an example of sesamoid bone

A

Patella

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9
Q

What are sesamoid bones embedded within?

A

Tendon or muscle

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10
Q

Give examples of short bones

A

Carpal and tarsal bones

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11
Q

What do short, flat and sesamoid bones consist of?

A

Spongy bone in between thin layer of compact bone

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12
Q

True or false: short, flat and sesamoid bones contain bone marrow between the trabeculae of compact bone

A

FALSE - between spongy bone

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13
Q

How does the nutrient artery enter the diaphysis of bone?

A

Via nutrient foramen

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14
Q

What do periosteal arteries supply?

A

Periosteum and outer third of cortex

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15
Q

Where do metaphyseal arteries enter the metaphysis?

A

At site of attachment of capsule

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16
Q

What is avascular necrosis?

A

Death of bone due to interruption of blood supply

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17
Q

What are the other names for avascular necrosis?

A

Osteonecrosis
Aseptic necrosis
Ischaemic necrosis

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18
Q

What are the causes of avascular necrosis? (5)

A 
Fracture 
Dislocation 
Steroid use
Radiation
Decompression sickness
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19
Q

What can avascular necrosis lead to?

A

Collapse of necrotic segment and secondary osteoarthritis

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20
Q

What is a joint?

A

Articulation between two or more bones

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21
Q

What are the three structural classifications of joints?

A

1) fibrous
2) cartilaginous
3) synovial

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22
Q

Where can fibrous joints be found?

A

Sutures of skull
Inferior tibiofibular joint
Radioulnar interosseus membrane
Joint between roots of teeth and bone of mandible/maxilla

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23
Q

What is a primary cartilaginous joint and give examples?

A

United by hyaline cartilage

1st sternocostal joint
Xiphisternal joint
Epiphyseal growth plates of long bones

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24
Q

What is a secondary cartilaginous joint and give examples?

A

Articulating bones covered with hyaline cartilage with pad of fibrocartilage between them

Symphysis pubis
Intervertebral disc
Manubriosternal joint

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25
Q

What is contained within the joint cavity of a synovial joint?

A

Synovial fluid

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26
Q

What are the characteristics of synovial joints? (4)

A

1) articular cartilage
2) fibrous capsule
3) synovial membrane
4) synovial fluid

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27
Q

What is the typical articular cartilage type in synovial joints? What are the exceptions?

A

Hyaline cartilage

Acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular and temporomandibular joints are atypical synovial joints covered in fibrocartilage

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28
Q

How does hyaline cartilage resist compression?

A

By acting as a shock absorber

29
Q

What is the fibrous capsule of synovial joints made of?

A

Collagen, which completely encloses the joint except where it is interrupted by synovial protrusions

30
Q

How does the fibrous capsule of synovial joints stabilise the joint?

A

Permits movement but resists dislocation

31
Q

True or false: synovial membrane does not cover articular cartilage or intra-articular discs/menisci

32
Q

What is a bursa?

A

Sac lined with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid. It is a cushion between bones and tendons or muscles around a joint-it reduces friction and allows free movement

33
Q

What is a tendon sheath?

A

Elongated bursa wrapped around a tendon which reduces friction

34
Q

Describe synovial fluid

A

Clear or pale yellow
Viscous
Slightly alkaline at rest

35
Q

What is synovial fluid composed of?

A

Hyaluronic acid
Lubricin
Proteinase
Collagenase

36
Q

What are the functions of synovial fluid? (3)

A

1) Reduces friction
2) Shock absorption
3) Nutrient and waste transportation

37
Q

True or false: articular cartilage of synovial joints is avascular

38
Q

True or false: synovial membrane has rich blood supply

39
Q

What is Hilton’s law?

A

Nerves supplying joint capsule also supply muscles moving the joint and the skin overlying the insertions of these muscles

40
Q

What are the six types of synovial joint?

A

1) planar joint
2) hinge joint
3) ball and socket joint
4) condyloid joint
5) saddle joint
6) pivot joint

41
Q

Give examples of a planar joint

A

Sternoclavicular joint
Acromioclavicular joint
Intercarpal joints

42
Q

What is the range of motion of a planar joint?

A

Non-axial, gliding and sliding movements

43
Q

Give examples of a hinge joint

A

Knee
Ankle
Humeroulnar joint of elbow

44
Q

What is the range of movement of a hinge joint?

A

Uniaxial/monaxial

45
Q

What is the shape of a hinge joint?

A

Pulley-shaped: convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of another

46
Q

Give examples of a pivot joint

A

Proximal radioulnar joint

Atlantoaxial joint

47
Q

What is the range of motion of a pivot joint?

A

Uniaxial/monaxial joint

48
Q

What is the shape of a pivot joint?

A

Rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates within ring formed by concavity of another bone and fibrous ligament

49
Q

What is another name for a condyloid joint?

A

Ellipsoidal

50
Q

Give examples of a condyloid joint

A

Metacarpophalangeal joints
Radiocarpal joint
Atlanto-occipital joint

51
Q

What type of joint is a condyloid joint?

A

Biaxial joint

52
Q

Which movements can a condyloid joint allow?

A 
Flexion
Extension 
Abduction 
Adduction 
Circumduction
53
Q

What type of joint is a saddle joint?

A

Biaxial joint

54
Q

Give an example of a saddle joint

A

1st carpometacarpal joint

55
Q

Which movements does a saddle joint allow?

A 
Flexion 
Extension 
Abduction 
Adduction 
Circumduction
56
Q

What type of joint is a ball and socket joint?

A

Multiaxial/polyaxial

57
Q

Which movements does a ball and socket joint allow?

A 
Flexion
Extension
Abduction 
Adduction 
Circumduction 
Rotation
58
Q

Give examples of a ball and socket joint

A

Hip
Shoulder
Incudostapedial joint (middle ear)

59
Q

Which factors affect the stability and range of motion at synovial joints? (6)

A

1) structure/shape of articulating bones
2) strength and tension of joint ligaments
3) arrangement and tone of muscles
4) apposition of neighbouring soft tissues
5) hormones
6) use/disuse

60
Q

True or false: the greater the range of movement, the more stable the joint is

A

FALSE - less stable

61
Q

What is the theory behind joint cracking? (6)

A

1) bones pulled away from each other
2) synovial cavity expands
3) synovial flood volume stays constant
4) partial vacuum produced
5) gases dissolved in synovial fluid are pulled out of solution
6) makes popping sound

62
Q

What is the effect of ageing on joints? (3)

A

1) decreased production of synovial fluid
2) thinning of articular cartilage
3) shortening of ligaments and decreased flexibility

63
Q

What are the symptoms of arthritis?

A

Pain
Swelling
Stiffness

64
Q

What are the signs of arthritis?

A 
Redness
Swelling 
Deformity 
Tenderness 
Reduced range of movement (ROM)
Abnormal gait
65
Q

What happens in rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Autoantibodies attack the synovium -> synovial inflammation

66
Q

Which joints are most commonly affected in rheumatoid arthritis?

A

MCP and PIP joints of hands
Cervical spine
Feet

67
Q

Which other organs are damaged by rheumatoid arthritis?

A 
Eyes
Skin 
Lungs 
Heart and blood vessels
Kidneys
68
Q

What is the peak age of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

40-50 years

69
Q

What are the x-ray features of rheumatoid arthritis? (4)

A

1) narrowing of joint space
2) periarticular osteopenia (loss of bone substance adjacent to joint)
3) juxta-articular bony erosions
4) subluxation (partial dislocation) and gross deformity

Semester 2-MSK (23 decks)

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