Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GI > Session 3 > Flashcards

Session 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The mid gut is connected to the yolk sac at its

A

Midpoint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens to the midgut in week 6

A

Grows faster than abdominal cavity
Protrudes through abdominal wall and tiny umbilical cord (physical herniation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The herniated midgut forms a

A

Loop with the superior mesenteric artery within the umbilical cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do distal and proximal parts of herniated midgut loop form

A

Distal- caecal bulge
proximal- convoluted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explain mid gut loops rotation

A

Rotates whilst in umbilical cord- returns to abdomen around week 10

3 x 90 degree rotations

Abnormal rotations are fairly common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What may happen if an abnormally large opening between the abdominal cavity and the umbilical cord persists

A

An umbilical hernia may be present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Meckel’s diverticulum

A

Persistent yolk sac remnant in the midgut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The hindgut forms what

A

Distal part of transverse colon through to superior portion of anal canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where does the hindgut end at first

A

Cloacal membrane- separates it from proctodaeum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens when the cloacal membrane ruptures

A

The hindgut is connected to the exterior, the anal canal therefore has dual origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Initially the developing intestines have

A

No lumen- canalisation occurs in weeks 6-8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens if canalisation fails

A

Partial or full obstruction. Recanalisation occurs in oesophagus, bile duct and SI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is pyloric stenosis

A

Hypertrophy of pyloric sphincter

Not recanalisation failure

Causes projectile vomiting in infants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Gastroschisis

A

Failure of closure of the abdominal wall following folding of embryo- gut tube and derivatives outside body cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Omphalocoele

A

Persistence of the physiological herniation of midgut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Anal canal is divided into

A

Superior and inferior parts by the pectinate line

Differ with regards to vasculature, nerve supply, lymphatic drainage and histological features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the cloaca

A

Region at end of hindgut
Divides into anterior urogenital sinus and posterior anorectal canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What makes up saliva

A

Primarily water
Oral hygiene- IgA, lysozymes and lactoferrin
Digestion- amylase and lingual lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the word for reduced flow of saliva in oral cavity

A

Xerostomia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 3 paired salivary glands

A

Parotid, submandibular, sublingual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Primary regulator of saliva production

A

Autonomic system- particularly parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What results in dry mouth

A

Anything that reduces parasympathetic innervation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

3 phases to swallowing

A

Oral, pharyngeal and oesophageal

24
Q

Describe Oral phase

A

Voluntary- bolus pushed back into pharyngeal wall

25
Q

Describe pharyngeal phase

A

Involuntary- bolus moves from oral cavity to beginning of oesophagus

26
Q

Nasal cavity is protected by

A

Elevation of the soft palate

27
Q

Respiratory tract is protected by

A

Elevation of the larynx (which closes epiglottis) and adduction of the vocal cords

28
Q

Describe the oesophageal phase

A

Involuntary- closure of upper oesophageal sphincter (to prevent reflux), rapid peristaltic movement of oesophagus

29
Q

Sensory component of swallow reflex

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve CNIX

30
Q

What innervates most of the muscles involved in swallow reflex

A

vagus nerve CNV

31
Q

What moves the bolus from the posterior aspect of the oral cavity to the oesophagus

A

Pharyngeal constrictor muscles

32
Q

What is difficulty swallowing

A

Dysphagia- can have neural cause or a physical obstructive cause

33
Q

Landmark at start of midgut

A

Where common bile duct and major pancreatic duct enter duodenum

34
Q

What happens in mal rotation

A

Only 1 90 degree rotation
Left sided colon

35
Q

What happens in reversed rotation

A

1 90 degree rotation clockwise
Transverse colon behind SI

36
Q

3 Vitelline duct abnormalities

A

Cyst, fistula or Meckel’s diverticulum

(Should regress at week 7)

37
Q

Meckel’s diverticulum rule of 2s

A

2% of population
2 feet proximal to ileo-caecal valve
Detected in under twos
2:1 ratio M:F

38
Q

Recanalisation failure often affects the

A

Duodenum

39
Q

What makes up hind gut

A

Distal 1/3 transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, superior anal canal, bladder epithelia

40
Q

What happens to urorectal septum in 4th-7th week

A

Divides into mesoderm and divides cloaca

Urogenital sinus and anorectal canal formed

41
Q

Above pectinate line

A

Non keratinised above
Chemical injury or stretch = vague pain
Gut blood supply

42
Q

Below pectinate line

A

Keratinised below
Localised pain
Systemic blood supply

43
Q

Hindgut abnormalities

A

Imperforate anus, anorectal agenesis, fistulae

44
Q

What is imperforate anus

A

No anal hole

45
Q

Anorectal agenesis

A

Anus doesnt form due to problems with blood supply

46
Q

What is fistulae

A

Abnormal connection between 2 hollow epithelial lined cavities

47
Q

Functions of saliva

A

Phonation, mastication, oral health, digestion, immune surveillance, solvent for tasty molecules, way of transmitting disease

48
Q

Sympathetic activation on salivary glands

A

Stimulates secretion of small amounts of saliva, but also causes vasoconstriction

49
Q

What nerve supplies the sublingual and submandibular glands

A

Facial nerve VII

50
Q

Which nerve supplies the carotid gland

A

IX

51
Q

Which muscles elevate larynx

A

Suprahyoids

52
Q

How can babies breathe and swallow at the same time

A

-Epiglottis sits higher in relation to soft palette
-Airway and food way separate
-Don’t close vocal cords when swallowing
-Same reason babies can’t talk

53
Q

Neural control of swallowing and gag reflex

A

Mechanoreceptors
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Medulla
Vagus nerve
Pharyngeal constrictors

54
Q

Narrowings of oesophagus

A

Junction with pharynx
Crossed by arch of aorta
Compressed by left main bronchus
Oesophageal hiatus

55
Q

How is Gastro-oesophageal reflux prevented

A

Functional sphincter
Diaphragm
Intra-abdominal oesophagus flap valve
Mucosal rosette at cardia
Acute angle of entry of oesophagus

56
Q

What is function of a flap valve

A

Intra-abdominal oesophagus which gets compressed when intra-abdominal pressure rises

GI (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions