Review Sessions 1-5

Question 1

What divides the gut into its functional areas

Answer 1

Sphincters

Question 2

Which 2 abdominal viscera have gland like function with respect to the GI tract

Answer 2

Pancreas and liver

Question 3

How long is duodenum

Answer 3

25cm

Question 4

How does jejenum differ from ileum

Answer 4

Wider, longer, greater sa

Question 5

When does GI tract enter pelvis

Answer 5

End of sigmoid colon going into rectum

Question 6

Position of liver

Answer 6

RUQ

Question 7

Locations of SI and LI

Answer 7

SI = central
LI = peripheral

Question 8

How are the acidic stomach contents neutralised when they enter the duodenum,

Answer 8

HCO3- secretions from Brunner’s glands, liver (bile) and pancreas

Question 9

Which section of GI tract is responsible for most nutrient absorption

Answer 9

Jejenum

Question 10

Which section of the GI tract is responsible for reabsorbing bile salts

Answer 10

Terminal ileum

Question 11

What is mass movement

Answer 11

Rapid peristalsis to rectum

Question 12

Section of GI tract just for transport

Answer 12

Oesophagus

Question 13

Sphincter failure examples

Answer 13

GORD if LOS
Incontinence if anal
Diarrhoea if pyloric sphincter lets in too much chyme to duodenum

Question 14

Why does SI need large SA

Answer 14

Absorption, must come into contact with epithelial cells, moves fast

Question 15

Why must food be physically broken down

Answer 15

Small enough, increased s.a. For digestion

Question 16

2 places where food is physically broken down

Answer 16

Mouth, stomach by peristalsis

Question 17

Why is SI longer and narrower than LI

Answer 17

SI = digest and absorb, larger sa
LI = absorb and storage, wider lumen

Question 18

Innate protection in GI tract

Answer 18

Mucous
Acid secretions
Peristalsis
Saliva
Rapidly dividing epithelium

Question 19

where is appendix

Answer 19

Caecum

Question 20

Major function of colon

Answer 20

Water reabsorption

Question 21

Longest section of GI tract

Answer 21

Ileum

Question 22

What is blue box

Answer 22

Internal oblique

Question 23

What is blue box

Answer 23

Where majority of digestive enzymes enter GI tract

Question 24

What is cranio-sacral outflow

Answer 24

Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 25

What is blue box

Answer 25

Lesser omentum

Question 26

What is located at blue box

Answer 26

Transverse colon

Question 27

How is saliva hypotonic

Answer 27

More ions reabsorbed from saliva than secreted into it Ducal cells relatively impermeable to water Overall effect is more ions removed from saliva than water = hypotonic

Question 28

3 obscure features of pharyngeal phase of swallowing

Answer 28

Involuntary Tongue against hard palate Longitudinal muscles shorten

Question 29

Causes of dysphagia where swallowing solids is harder than liquid

Answer 29

Physical obstruction, cancer, fibrous strictures, external compression

Question 30

How many layers of peritoneum make up the greater omentum

Answer 30

4 layers of visceral peritoneum (lesser is 2)

Question 31

What best describes the movements of the primary intestinal loop once it has herniated out of the abdomen?

Answer 31

3x 90 degree turns anti-clockwise

Question 32

Which portion of the anal canal can detect temp

Answer 32

Inferior - below pectinate line Supplied by pudendal nerve so can detect somatic sensations of temperature, touch and pain

Question 33

Lesser sac sits

Answer 33

Posterior to stomach

Question 34

Describe ascending colon position

Answer 34

Secondarily retroperitoneal

Question 35

Outermost muscle layer in stomach

Answer 35

Longitudinal

Question 36

I, S and K cells are found in

Answer 36

Duodenum

Question 37

Oesophagus originates at what level

Answer 37

C6, cricoid cartilage

Question 38

Terminal branch of gastroduodenal artery

Answer 38

Right gastro o mental

Question 39

What widens the angle of the duodenojejunal junction

Answer 39

Suspensory muscle of duodenum

Question 40

Ileum is mostly located in which quadrant

Answer 40

Lower right

Question 41

Which part of the LI is the cecum continuous with

Answer 41

Ascending colon

Question 42

What is the embryonic origin of the cecum

Answer 42

Midgut

Question 43

What is the most common position of appendix

Answer 43

Retrocecal

Question 44

Left colic flexure is at which organ

Answer 44

Spleen

Question 45

Which part of the rectum relaxes to accommodate faeces

Answer 45

Ampulla

Question 46

Describe internal anal sphincter

Answer 46

Surrounds upper 2/3 of anal canal, made of smooth muscle

Question 47

Describe photo

Answer 47

A = epithelium B = lamina propria C = lumen D = circular band of muscle E = outer longitudinal muscle

Question 48

Order of contents from lumen of oesophagus outwards

Answer 48

Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, inner circular muscle, outer longitudinal muscle

Question 49

Medial border of Hesselbach’s triangle

Answer 49

Lateral border of rectus abdominus (Inferior epigastric vessels are lateral border)

Question 50

Lateral border of femoral ring

Answer 50

Femoral vein

Question 51

What lies at midpoint of inguinal ligament

Answer 51

Deep inguinal ring

Question 52

Difference between mid point of inguinal ligament and mid inguinal point

Answer 52

Mid inguinal point is halfway between ASIS and pubic symphysis Mid point of inguinal ligament is halfway between ASIS and pubic tubercle

Question 53

Below arcuate line, rectus abdominus posterior surface is in contact with what

Answer 53

Transversalis fascia

Question 54

What does the aponeurosis of internal oblique do above arcuate line

Answer 54

Divide and envelope rectus muscles

Question 55

The inferior epigastric artery forms the lateral border of the inguinal triangle. From which artery does it arise

Answer 55

External iliac

Question 56

Describe attachment of inguinal ligament

Answer 56

Anterior superior iliac spine to pubic tubercle