Review Sessions 6-9

Question 1

What is the location of the linea alba

Answer 1

Vertical in midline from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis

Question 2

What consequence of chronic reflux will cause dysphagia

Answer 2

Fibrous strictures in lower oesophagus

(Metaplasia will not cause Dysphagia unless develops into adenocarcinoma, oesophagitis will cause pain but not difficulty swallowing)

Question 3

What type of chronic gastritis can lead to megaloblastic anaemia

Answer 3

Autoimmune

Attacks parietal cells which secrete intrinsic factor needed to absorb vitamins

Question 4

Bacterial and reactive gastritis can cause what type of anaemia

Answer 4

Microcytic due to iron deficiency

Question 5

How does H pylori survive the acidic conditions of the stomach

Answer 5

Produces urease

Converts urea to ammonia which forms a basic solution to surround the bacteria, raising the pH

Question 6

Locations of H pylori colonisation and its effects

Answer 6

Body = gastric epithelial dysplasia

Antrum = stimulation of G cells and rise in acid secretion from parietal cells, chyme more acidic when leaving stomach so causes duodenal epithelial metaplasia and potentially ulceration

Colonisation of both causes few symptoms

Question 7

Features of secretin

Answer 7

Stimulated by a drop in pH in duodenum and stimulates a bicarbonate rich pancreatic secretion

Question 8

Which abdominal ligament connects the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

Answer 8

Falciform ligament - derived from ventral mesogastrium

Question 9

Coronary ligament role

Answer 9

Attached to liver and diaphragm

Question 10

Left triangular ligament role

Answer 10

Attaches to left lobe of liver and diaphragm

Question 11

Portal vein is commonly formed when which 2 veins unite

Answer 11

Superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein

Question 12

how to find appendix

Answer 12

ASIS and umbilicus

Question 13

how is visceral pain of appendicitis transmitted

Answer 13

T10 - dermatome of umbilicus

Question 14

TRANSPORTERS

Question 15

SGLT1

Answer 15

co transport of sodium with glucose or galactose

Question 16

GLUT 2

Answer 16

movement of all monosaccharides from cytosol of enterocytes into blood

Question 17

GLUT 5

Answer 17

fructose into enterocyte from gut lumen

Question 18

Which of the stages of alcoholic liver disease does not give hepatomegaly

Answer 18

Cirrhosis

Question 19

A gallstone lodged where in biliary tree causes acute cholecystitis

Answer 19

cystic duct of GB

Question 20

which vessel if blocked or narrowed would cause portal hypertension

Answer 20

hepatic veins

Question 21

what is most common extra intestinal manifestation of IBD

Answer 21

arthritis

Question 22

where in the colon would a cancer most likely result in bowel obstruction

Answer 22

sigmoid colon

Question 23

why are 85% of colonic diverticula found in the sigmoid colon

Answer 23

faeces is well formed at this point, harder to move, higher intraluminal pressures,

Question 24

5y/o with mucus and blood in diarrhoea

most likely organism which is gram negative

Answer 24

shigella (affects children)

Question 25

Which gram negative bacteria has the longest incubation period and takes weeks to resolve

Answer 25

Campylobacter 1-7 days incubation

Question 26

which infection can lead to pseudomembranous colitis (raised yellow plaques)

Answer 26

clostridium difficile

Question 27

rotavirus affects

Answer 27

children only

Question 28

which parasitic infection causes persistent diarrhoea

Answer 28

Giardia

Question 29

portal hypertension causes

Answer 29

splenomegaly, ascites and higher hydrostatic pressure in veins

Question 30

Cirrhotic liver size

Answer 30

smaller than usual