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GI > Session 2 > Flashcards

Session 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Development of the GI tract begins when folding of the embryo creates a

A

Primitive gut tube, lined with endoderm, divisible into 3 regions

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2
Q

3 regions of the primitive gut tube

A

Foregut, mid gut, hindgut

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3
Q

Each embryonic segment receives a blood supply from a distinct branch of the

A

Abdominal aorta

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4
Q

Structures developing close to the foregut/midgut junction will have a

A

Mixed blood supply

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5
Q

Development of the primitive gut tube begins in

A

Week 3

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6
Q

Internal lining derived from and becomes

A

Endoderm (future epithelia)

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7
Q

External lining derived from and becomes

A

Splanchnic mesoderm (future musculature and peritoneum)

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8
Q

The mesoderm surrounding the guts splits into which layers

A

Somatic- becomes abdominal wall
Splanchnic- becomes smooth muscles of the gut wall

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9
Q

The space created by the split of the mesoderm surrounding the gut is called

A

Coelomic cavity- begins as one large cavity (forerunner of pleural cavity and peritoneal cavity)

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10
Q

What are mesenteries

A

Double folds of peritoneum that suspend the gut tube from the abdominal wall

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11
Q

What are omenta

A

Specialised regions of peritoneum

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12
Q

Greater and lesser omentum are derived from

A

Dorsal mesentary and ventral mesentary

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13
Q

How is the developing gut attached to the roof of the abdominal cavity and floor

A

Fold of mesoderm known as the dorsal mesentary

Floor by ventral mesentary

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14
Q

What do the dorsal and ventral mesenteries become in adults

A

Various peritoneal folds and reflections that suspend the gut and give passage to vessels and nerves in the adult

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15
Q

Which parts of the GI tract remain suspended from posterior abdominal wall by mesentary and remain mobile

A

Jejenum and ileum

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16
Q

Where does the foregut and hindgut initially end

A

Oropharyngeal membrane and cloacal membrane

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17
Q

What happens when the Oropharyngeal and cloacal membranes break down

A

Gut becomes open to the exterior at the future mouth and anus

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18
Q

The greater and lesser sacs of the peritoneal cavity are formed by

A

Rotation of the stomach

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19
Q

What are structures not suspended in the peritoneal cavity termed

A

Retroperitoneal

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20
Q

What happens in the 4th week

A

A respiratory diverticulum develops in the ventral wall of foregut

Oesophagus sits behind this in a dorsal position

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21
Q

Why does the stomach have its characteristic greater curve

A

Dorsal border develops faster

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22
Q

The liver develops within what along with what

A

Ventral mesentary, along with biliary system and uncinated process of Pancreas

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23
Q

What does the pancreas develop from

A

2 portions (dorsal portion forming most of gland, ventral portion forming most of duct system)

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24
Q

The liver grows into the ventral mesentary dividing it into two parts called

A

Falciform ligament and lesser omentum

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25
Q

When is the duodenum’s lumen obliterated

A

5th and 6th weeks of its development, only recanalised by end of embryonic period

26
Q

Secondarily retroperitoneal structures initially had a mesentary that was lost to what

A

Fusion with the posterior abdominal wall

27
Q

What is a hernia

A

A protrusion of part of the abdominal contents beyond the normal confines of the abdominal wall

28
Q

What are the three parts of a hernia

A

Sac, contents and coverings

29
Q

What is the inguinal canal

A

Oblique passage through the lower abdominal wall, layers of anterolateral abdominal muscles

30
Q

Anterior wall of inguinal canal is mainly composed of

A

Aponeurosis of external oblique

31
Q

The floor of the inguinal canal is composed of the

A

Inguinal ligament and the lacunae ligament medially

32
Q

What is the roof of the inguinal canal made of

A

Arching fibres of internal oblique and transverse abdominus

33
Q

What is the posterior wall of the inguinal canal made of

A

Transversal is fascia and conjoint tendon medially

34
Q

What are the most common abdominal wall hernias

A

Inguinal hernias

35
Q

Inguinal hernias types

A

Indirect and direct (indirect are more common and males are more commonly affected)

36
Q

Indirect hernias exit the abdomen through the

A

Deep inguinal ring and pas into the inguinal canal to a variable distance

Some pass through to the scrotum

37
Q

Direct inguinal hernias pass directly through the

A

Abdominal wall, in an area of potential weakness called Hesselbach’s triangle

38
Q

How do anatomically direct and indirect inguinal hernias differ

A

By their relationship to the inferior epigastric vessels and whether they enter inguinal canal or not

Indirect pass laterally whereas direct pass medially

39
Q

Femoral hernias pass through the

A

Femoral ring and into the femoral canal

More common in females and are at risk of incarceration

40
Q

When does bucopharyngeal membrane ruptured

A

4th week

41
Q

When does cloacal membrane rupture

A

7th week

42
Q

What is foregut

A

Oesophageal to mid point of 2nd part of duodenum

43
Q

What is midgut

A

Duodenum to 2/3 transverse colon

44
Q

What is hindgut

A

Distal 1/3 of transverse colon to cloaca

45
Q

What is Vitelline duct

A

Connection between yolk sac and mid gut

46
Q

What should happen to Vitelline duct

A

Should completely obliterate before time of birth -

if not then

meckel’s diverticulum : out pouching of SI,

Or connection between midgut and umbilicus- faecal material comes out of umbilicus

47
Q

What occurs simultaneous to cranio caudal folding

A

Lateral folding - helps form anterior/central body wall

48
Q

What supplies foregut

A

Coeliac artery

49
Q

What supplies mid gut

A

Superior mesenteric artery

50
Q

What supplies hind gut

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

51
Q

What happens to the endoderm at 5th and 9th week

A

Proliferates then occludes lumen- then recanalised at 9th

52
Q

What develops to cleave off trachea and oesophagus

A

Tracheoesophageal septum

53
Q

Features of pain in parietal peritoneum

A

Somatic mesoderm can localise pain

54
Q

Features of pain in visceral peritoneum

A

Splanchnic mesoderm- vague pain

55
Q

Peritoneal ligaments anterior to posterior

A

Falciform ligament (liver)
Lesser omentum (stomach)
Gastrosplenic ligament (spleen)
Spleno-regal ligament (left kidney)

56
Q

Formation of peritoneal sacs

A

Greater and lesser cavity

57
Q

Feature of lesser omentum

A

Totalen of winslow or epiploic Foramen

58
Q

What is a ganglion

A

A group of cell bodies outside of the central venous system

59
Q

Where in the wall of the gut lies the myenteric nerve plexus

A

Between inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layer

60
Q

Above the arcuate line, the aponeurosis of which muscles envelop anterior surface of rectus abdominus muscles

A

External oblique and half of internal oblique

61
Q

Below the arcuate line, the aponeurosis of which muscles envelop anterior surface of rectus abdominus muscles

A

Half of internal oblique, transversalis fascia

GI (22 decks)

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