Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Infection-alaa > Sessin2 > Flashcards

Sessin2 Flashcards

1
Q

Gram stain procedure seperates bacteria according to their__________.

A

CELL WALL COMPOSITION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What type of microbacteria cannot be identified using gram stain & why?

A

Mycoplasma, no cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Explain gram stain procedure

A

1) droplets with crystal violet drops
2) droplets with iodine

ALL CELLS WILL APPEAR PURPLE

add ethanol or alchohol,

IF STAINED

GRAM +&raquo_space; remain purple
GRAM -&raquo_space;colourless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is gram stain

A

Seperates bacteria accordimg to their cell wall composition (gram - or gram +)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do u name bacteria

A

Surname + firstname
Genus + species
Ex: Staohyloccua aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Difference btw gram negative & positive

A

Notes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

2 types of fungi? R they prokaryotes or eukaryote, give examples

A

YEASTS & MOULD

eukaryote

Candida and Aperillgus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe structure of virus

A

Notes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Example of protazoa common in the uk?

A

Giardia lambila

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How can u classify viruses?

A

RNA & DNA
Single/double stranded
Elveloped/non-enveloped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Classify Herpes Virus

A

Double stranded & enveloped✉️

Type>1»infected via kissing, get them in ur lips
Type>2» associated more in genital conditions

Once u have it, u have it forever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Classify the adenovirus, what 3 diseases can they cause?

A

Double stranded & non enveloped,

  • respiratory tract infections
  • gastroenteritis
  • conjunctivitis👀

Adenoviruses all replicate well in epithelial cells. The observed symptoms are related primarily to the killing of these cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Function of the envelope in the virus

A

Helps virus attach to host cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Norovirus

A

common causes of viral GASTEROENTERITIS worldwide.

-members of Caliciviridae
-Common in hospital!
-One particle can cause infection in 50 % of ppl!!! rapid onset of vomitting & diharrea, lasts only for a couple of days
-fecal oral route 💩 is usal tramission &
Aerosol.💦
-highly stable in the environment and can be transmitted by contaminated food or water 💧🍎

**No specific treatments for norovirus-induced disease exist.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In gram staining, what has rhe peptidoglycan layer got to do with this?

A

It retains the colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do u name bacteria

A

Surname + firstname
Genus + species
Ex: Staohyloccua aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Difference btw gram negative & positive

A

Notes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

2 types of fungi? R they prokaryotes or eukaryote, give examples

A

YEASTS & MOULD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe structure of virus

A

Notes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Example of protazoa common in the uk?

A

Giardia lambila

21
Q

How can u classify viruses?

A

RNA & DNA
Single/double stranded
Elveloped/non-enveloped

22
Q

Classify the adenovirus, what 3 diseases can they cause?

A

Double stranded & non enveloped,

  • respiratory tract infections
  • gastroenteritis
  • conjunctivitis👀

Adenoviruses all replicate well in epithelial cells. The observed symptoms are related primarily to the killing of these cells

23
Q

Function of the envelope in the virus

A

Helps virus attach to host cells

24
Q

Norovirus

A

Common in hospital! One particle can cause infection in 50 % of ppl!!! rapid onset of vomitting & diharrea, lasts only for a couple of days

25
Q

In gram staining, what has rhe peptidoglycan layer got to do with this?

A

It retains the colour

26
Q

differentiate btw cocci and bacilli

A

bacillius (rod shaped)

coccus (round)

27
Q

what r endotoxins, which gram stain bacteria r they found on?

A

endotoxin is a synonomous w/ LIPOPOLYSACCARIDE (LPS)

it is part of the LPS found on the outer membrane & triggers inflammation

28
Q

neisseria meningitidis is what type of bacteria? how does it cause toxicity? what disease does it cause? how is it spread and how can u prevent it?

A

gram negative coccus

  • meningococcal meningitis
  • direct contact with respiratory secretion (spread by aerosols and nasopharyngeal secretions)
  • vaccination
  • antibiotic prophylaxis
29
Q

human papilloma virus. what can it cause?

A

some types cause cervical cancer,

other cause warts

30
Q

what does vertical transmission mean? give an example of a virus that transmitts this way

A

transfer of an infecting organism from mother to child before or at birth.

Rubella

31
Q

ALL viruses have a ________

A

capsids or protien coat

32
Q

what is helicobacter pylori?

A

gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium found usually in the stomach, causes stomach ulcer & stomach cancer, it can survive in the highly acidic environment

33
Q

what is the main difference between endotoxin and exotoxin?

A

endotoxin means its part of the bacteria structure
“ENDO”=w/in
part of LPS, it is highly toxic and can trigger an inflammatory response.

Exotoxins r protein secreted by bacteria and go OUT into the surrounding blood and tissue.
“EXO”= OUT

34
Q

what do u call an exotoxin that act on the bowel? neuron?

A

enterotoxin

neurotoxin

35
Q

brief definition of sepsis and which class of bacteria effects it?

A

–systemic inflammation due to infection

--sepsis is usually associated with Gram 
Negative bacteria (although Gram positive bacteria can also cause sepsis in some situations).
36
Q

what is sepsis?

A

Sepsis happens when the body’s immune system - the way the body responds to bugs and germs - goes into overdrive.

The initial problem can be quite mild and start anywhere - from a cut on the finger to a chest or urine infection, for example.

But when the immune system overreacts this can lead to an unintended but catastrophic attack on the body.

37
Q

what goes wrong in peritonitis?

A

bacteria gets into perontineal cavity & cause infection

38
Q

how is coagulation related to sepsis? how do cytokines have a role in this?

A

cytokines promote the formation of THROMBIN and promotes coagulation,
this coagulation will lead to thrombosis of the circulation> organ ischemia >dysfunction> failure.

39
Q

which type of treatment is very important when consdidering sepsis? & why

  • specific
  • supportive
A

supportive, bc we need to restore the body back to its normal physiological state.

40
Q

if a bacteria is encapsulated , is that useful for them or not? explain.
give an example

A

yes its useful, the capsule in “antiphagocytic” and the most important virulence factor.

-meningicoccal meningtis> capsule helps staid maintenance of infection.

41
Q

explain the structure, type, location pathogenesis, age risk factors, transmission prevention of N. meningioccosus

A

-diplococci, gram negative
-kidney bean shaped
serogroups A,B,C
-sits in nasopharynx mucosa
-aerosols and respiratory droplets
-has endotoxins
25% young adults

Prevention

  • Vaccination
  • antibiotics “PROPHYLAXIS”
42
Q

what is the clinical significance of N. meningitis?

A

can lead to

  • meningitis
  • septicaemia
43
Q

what does the N.meningicoccus normally do?

what happens if this were to spread in systemic blood?

A

normally colonises the nasopharynx, if it gets into the blood it can cause:

  • meningitis
  • septicaemia
44
Q

What are Virulence factors?

A

Molecules produced by bacteria that add to their effectivness.

45
Q

What r spores?

A

First off, you might think of a bacterial spore roughly as a mummified bacterium. The spore has a hard protective coating that encases the key parts of the bacterium—think of this coating as the sarcophagus that protects a mummy. The spore also has layers of protective membranes, sort of like the wrappings around a mummy. Within these membranes and the hard coating, the dormant bacterium is able to survive for weeks, even years, through drought, heat and even radiation

46
Q

Types of virulemce factors?

A

–Host entry (e.g. polysaccharide capsule
– Adherence to host cells (e.g. pili and fimbriae)
– Invasiveness (e.g. enzymes such as collagenase)
– Iron sequestration (siderophores)

47
Q

Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Lecture

48
Q

how do u treat herpes?

A

Aciclovoir

49
Q

what causes chicken pox?

A

Varicella zoster

Infection-alaa (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions