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Ellie's Body Logistics > Sesh 4: Lymphatics, Immunity And Blood > Flashcards

Sesh 4: Lymphatics, Immunity And Blood Flashcards

1
Q

How much interstitial fluid does the lymphatic system collect per day?

A

3 L

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2
Q

What pressure does the lymphatic system operate under?

A

Low pressure.

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3
Q

What is the movement of lymph mainly due to?

A

Movement of skeletal muscle that the lymph flows deep to.

In larger lymphatics due to smooth muscle in walls of vessels.

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4
Q

Are there lymphatics in the CNS?

A

No

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphatic nodules?

A
  1. Tonsils (pharnygeal, palatine and lingual)
  2. Peyer’s patches (duodenum)
  3. Vermiform appendix
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6
Q

What are the 4 broad locations of lymph nodes?

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Axillary
  3. Lumbar
  4. Inguinal
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7
Q

What is the direction of lymph flow in a lymph node?

A

Afferent vessel enters via convex surface to germinal centre to medulla to efferent vessel- out via hilum

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8
Q

What do follicular dendritic cells in the germinal centres of lymph nodes do?

A

Supporting cells.

Antigen-antibody complexes attach to their dendritic processes, causing proliferation of memory B cells.

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9
Q

What kind of reaction is the initial immune response to a foreign antigen, and what cells are involved?

A

Inflammatory.

Macrophages and neutrophils.

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10
Q

What cells produce antibodies?

A

Plasma cells (B cells that secrete specific antibodies).

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11
Q

What is lymphadenopathy?

A

Enlarged lymph nodes.

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12
Q

What is the largest lymphatic organ?

A

The spleen

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13
Q

What is the main general function of the spleen?

A

Filters blood.

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14
Q

Why is it very serious if the spleen ruptures?

A

It has a very rich blood supply, so could exsanguinate.

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15
Q

If the spleen in removed (splenectomy), which organs can take over the removal and destruction of ageing/abnormal red blood cells?

A

Liver and bone marrow.

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16
Q

What 3 things does splenectomy increase the risk of?

A
  1. Infection by encapsulated bacteria
  2. DVT
  3. Pulmonary embolism
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17
Q

What often happens to the thymus in myasthenia gravis?

A

Becomes enlarged or thymoma forms

18
Q

What is the role of the thymus?

A

Maturation of bone-barrow derived stem cells into immunocompetent T cells= thymic cell education.

19
Q

What are the 2 types of specific immune response?

A
  1. Humoral-pathogens outside cells
  2. Cell-mediated- pathogens inside cells

*both are integrated

20
Q

What type of lymphocytes initiate both the humoral and cell-mediated immune response?

A

T helper cells

21
Q

Phagocytosis is part of the __________ immune response.

A

Non-specific

22
Q

What 3 types of cells are phagocytes?

A
  1. Macrophages
  2. Neutrophils
  3. Dendritic cells
23
Q

What are the 2 pathways of complement cascade activation?

A
  1. Classical- C1 activated when binds antigen-antibody complex
  2. Alternative- C3b activated when reacts with antigens
24
Q

What 3 things can complement lead to?

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Opsonisation for phagocytosis
  3. Membrane attach complex- cell lysis
25
Q

What is oedema?

A

The accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in cells, tissues or serous cavities.

26
Q

What sided heart failure can lead to pulmonary oedema?

A

Left-sided.

27
Q

Is peripheral oedema pitting or non-pitting?

A

Pitting. Apply pressure and indentation persists for a while as is watery fluid.

28
Q

Why is limited mobility a risk factor for DVT?

A

Not using calf muscle pump as much, so blood more likely to pool.

29
Q

Is lymphoedema pitting?

A

No, is non-pitting as fluid contains protein and fibroblasts which lay down a dense fibris.

30
Q

What is haematopoiesis?

A

The formation of blood cellular components

31
Q

What sort of blood cells are myeloid and which are lymphoid?

A

Myeloid=rbcs, platelets, most white cells-basophils, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, monocytes etc

Lymphoid=lymphocytes and natural killer cells

32
Q

What’s another name for a platelet?

A

Thrombocyte

33
Q

Thrombopoietin stimulates production of what type of blood cells?

A

Megakaryocytes–> Thrombocytes-platelets.

34
Q

G-CSF stimulates the production of what type of blood cell?

A

Neutrophils.

35
Q

What is a reticulocyte?

A

An immature red blood cell (erythrocyte).

36
Q

What is the lifespan of an erythrocyte?

A

120 days

37
Q

What is the name given to an abnormally high red blood cell count?

A

Polycythemia

38
Q

What is an abnormally high white blood cell count called?

A

Leukaemia

39
Q

What is an abnormally high platelet count referred to as?

A

Thrombocythemia

40
Q

What is pancytopenia?

A

An abnormal count of red and white blood cells, and platelets.

41
Q

What happens to blood cells in chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)?

A

Immature cells are found in the peripheral blood, which should be in the bone marrow.

Ellie's Body Logistics (13 decks)

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