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Ellie's Body Logistics > Sesh 10: The Respiratory System & Breast > Flashcards

Sesh 10: The Respiratory System & Breast Flashcards

1
Q

What structure attaches at the sternal angle?

A

The 2nd rib.

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2
Q

Why is the inferior aspect of each lung curved upwards?

A

Because the domed diaphragm is beneath them.

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3
Q

Is the diaphragm higher on the right or left, and why?

A

On the right due to the liver.

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4
Q

What are the names of the resulting conditions when the pleural cavity fills with:

  1. Air
  2. Blood
  3. Pus
  4. Watery transudate or exudate
A
  1. Pneumothorax
  2. Haemothorax
  3. Empyema
  4. Pleural effusion
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5
Q

Which intercostal space is a needle usually inserted into, to drain fluid from the pleural cavity?

A

7th, posteriorly.

Above the superior border of the lower rib to avoid vessels and nerves.

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6
Q

The intercostal nerves and vessels run along the _______ aspect of each rib.

A

Inferior, in the costal groove.

So needles are inserted above the superior border of lower rib to avoid this.

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7
Q

The conducting portion of the respiratory tract runs from the __________ to the _________.

A
  1. Nasal cavity

2. Terminal bronchioles

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8
Q

The nasal cavity to the largest bronchioles are lined with _____________ epithelium.

A

Pseudostratified

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9
Q

Simple columnar epithelium lines which part of the respiratory tract?

A

Terminal bronchioles.

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10
Q

The respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts are lined by what type of epithelium?

A

Simple cuboidal.

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11
Q

Which part of the respiratory tract is lined by simple squamous epithelium?

A

Alveoli.

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12
Q

The epithelium of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity is lacking what type of cell?

A

Goblet cells.

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13
Q

What is different about the cilia in the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?

A

They are non-motile.

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14
Q

What are Bowman’s glands?

A

Serous glands in the olfactory region of the nasal cavity that produce a watery secretion, to flush odorants from the epithelial surface.

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15
Q

Each vocal cord of the larynx contains:
1.
2.

A
  1. A vocal ligament (elastic fibres)

2. A vocalis muscle (skeletal muscle)

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16
Q

How does the histology of the primary bronchi differ from that of the trachea?

A

The cartilage completely encircles the bronchi lumen, but forms C-shaped rings in the trachea.

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17
Q

Which bronchus are foreign objects more likely to lodge within, and why?

A

The right, as its path is more vertical than the left.

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18
Q

What classification of epithelium is termed ‘respiratory epithelium’?

A

Pseudostratified ciliad epithelium, as this lines most of the upper respiratory tract, but gas exchange doesn’t occur here.

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19
Q

In COPD, there is:

  • __________ cell hyperplasia
  • reduced no’s of __________ cells
  • hypertrophy of the __________ _________
A
  1. Goblet
  2. Ciliated
  3. Submucous
  4. Glands
    (So get more mucus with less cilia to move it)
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20
Q

How does the histology of secondary and tertiary bronchi differ from the primary bronchi?

A

Cartilage is arranged as irregular crescent plates rather than the rings seen in primary bronchi.

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21
Q

How are bronchiole walls held open?

A

By the elasticity of the alveolar walls.

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22
Q

Why do asthmatic patients have more difficulty expiring that inspiring?

A

In expiration, bronchial walls aren’t held open by alveoli, so they tend to collapse due to the pressure decrease.

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23
Q

Where are Clara cells found?

A

Between bronchiolar ciliated epithelial cells, from the terminal bronchioles to the alveolar ducts.

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24
Q

What do Clara cells secrete?

A

A surfactant lipoprotein and Clara cell protein (CC16).

25
Q

Raised levels of CC16 in the serum indicates…..?

A

Leakage across the air-blood barrier.

26
Q

Lowered CC16 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid indicates…….?

A

Lung damage.

27
Q

What’s the function of surfactant lipoprotein secreted by Clara cells?

A

Prevents bronchiolar walls sticking together in expiration.

28
Q

Alveolar walls are supported by a basketwork of_______ and __________ fibres.

A
  1. Elastic

2. Reticular

29
Q

Type I pneumocytes are ___________ in shape, and cover ____% of the alveolar surface area.

A
  1. Squamous

2. 90

30
Q

Type II pneumocytes are ______ in shape and produce _________.

A
  1. Cuboidal

2. Surfactant

31
Q

Name a hallmark sign of emphysema.

A

Pursed-lip breathing.

32
Q

What happens to alveolar walls in emphysema?

A

They are destroyed, meaning bronchioles collapse, making expiration difficult.

33
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Lung inflammation caused by bacteria.

Alveoli fill with inflammatory cells, and the lung consolidates.

34
Q

What cells, apart from type I and II pneumocytes, are found in the alveolar walls?

A

Macrophages- phagocytose microbes and dust.

35
Q

What are the 2 functions of pleural fluid?

A
  1. Reduces friction between pleura during breathing

2. Provides surface tension, preventing the lungs recoiling and collapsing

36
Q

The pressure in the intrapleural space during inspiration is_____cmH2O, and ______cmH2O during expiration.

A
  1. -8

2. -4

37
Q

When does intrapulmonary pressure equalise with atmospheric pressure?

A

At the end of exhalation.

38
Q

The intrapleural pressure is usually ___cmH2O lower than intrapulmonary pressure, which keeps the ______ adherent to the ________.

A
  1. 4
  2. Lungs
  3. Chest wall/ pleura
39
Q

During expiration, surfactant molecules move_________, to reduce ________ __________, and equalise the pressure within different sized alveoli.

A
  1. Together
  2. Surface
  3. Tension
40
Q

What is a pancoast tumour?

A

A tumour of the apex of the lung

41
Q

What plexus can a pancoast tumour impinge upon?

A

Brachial plexus

42
Q

How might Horner’s syndrome be caused?

A

By a pancoast tumour causing pressure on the sympathetic trunk. But can have other benign causes.

43
Q

What can be a sign of a pulmonary tumour impinging on the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Patient may have a hoarse voice.

44
Q

How many lobes do the right and left lung have respectively?

A

Right- 3 lobes

Left- 2 lobes

45
Q

What type of gland is the breast?

A

A modified apocrine sweat gland.

46
Q

When does the final maturation of breasts occur?

A

During 1st pregnancy.

47
Q

At what point in foetal life do the breast buds form, in both sexes?

A

6th-9th week

48
Q

Where can accessory breast tissue present?

A

Anywhere along the course of the embryologic mammary streak (axilla to inguinal region).

49
Q

What is Poland syndrome?

A

A rare birth defect characterised by underdevelopment of the pectoralis major muscle on 1 side of the body, and webbed fingers (cutaneous syndactyly) on the ipsilateral side.
More common in men.

50
Q

Which ribs are the breasts found between?

A

2nd-6th rib (sternal edge to anterior axillary line)

51
Q

What is the name of the ligaments that support the breasts?

A

Cooper’s suspensory ligaments.

52
Q

Which 3 vessels provide arterial supply to the breast?

A
  1. External mammary artery
  2. Internal mammary arteries
  3. Intercostal arteries
53
Q

Name 2 factors that can decrease the risk of breast cancer.

A
  1. 1st pregnancy before 30 yrs
  2. Breast feeding
  3. Exercise
54
Q

Name 2 types of adjuvant therapy for breast cancer.

A
  1. Chemotherapy
  2. Hormonal therapy
  3. Biological
  4. DXT
55
Q

Name 2 actions of oxytocin following suckling.

A
  1. Stimulates myoepithelial cells in mammary glands to contract and cause lactation
  2. Causes uterine contraction
56
Q

Why do you need to investigate unusually fractures in someone with/ previously treated for breast cancer?

A

Bone is one of the most common sites of metastasis from breast cancer, so it could be due to a secondary tumour.

57
Q

What is apocrine secretion?

A

The apical plasma membrane of the gland pinches off, containing the vesicle to be secreted, and is secreted via a duct (exocrine).

58
Q

Where are Clara cells found?

A

Between the ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchioles.

Ellie's Body Logistics (13 decks)

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