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Ellie's Body Logistics > Sesh 2: Cells And Tissue Types > Flashcards

Sesh 2: Cells And Tissue Types Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of cell junction?

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. Desmosomes
  3. Gap junctions
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2
Q

What is the main function of desmosomes?

A

To strengthen tight junctions between cells that need to resist stretching/twisting.

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3
Q

What type of proteins form channels at gap junctions?

A

Connexins/connexons

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4
Q

Tight junctions, desmosomes and gap junctions attach cells in the _________domain.

A

Lateral

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5
Q

How can cells be attached in the basal domain?

A
  1. Hemidesmosomes to basement membrane
  2. Focal adhesions to basement membrane
    * Both involve the transmembrane glycoprotein integrin
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6
Q

What are the 2 functions of integrins?

A
  1. Attach cytoskeleton to ECM-mechanical

2. Signal transduction from ECM to cell-biochemical

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7
Q

Name 2 ways in which cultured cells behave differently to when in a living body.

A
  1. Contact inhibition

2. Limited lifespan- senescence

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8
Q

What are the 6 methods of cell communication?

A
  1. Direct-gap junctions
  2. Autocrine
  3. Paracrine
  4. Endocrine
  5. Synaptic
  6. Neurocrine-e.g. In adrenal medulla and pituitary gland
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9
Q

The cell bursts and dies in __________.

A

Necrosis.

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10
Q

Cells shrink and die in _________.

A

Apoptosis.

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11
Q

What is the relationship between cell renewal rate and cancer?

A

Higher cell renewal rate, higher risk for accumulating mutations, so higher cancer risk.

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12
Q

What are the 4 main types of tissue?

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Muscle
  3. Nervous
  4. Connective(multiple specialised types)
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13
Q

What are the 6 main specialised types of connective tissue?

A
  1. Adipose
  2. Lymphatic
  3. Blood
  4. Haematopoietic
  5. Cartilage
  6. Bone
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14
Q

What are epithelioid cells?

A

Epithelial cells without a free surface/polarity. E.g. Islets of Langerhans, parenchyma of adrenal gland.

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15
Q

What domain of epithelial cells is often specialised?

A

Apical

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16
Q

What is normal plasma osmolality?

A

290 mOsmol/kg. Lower value=more dilute

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17
Q

What is the osmolality of normal saline?

A

300 mOsm/kg (150mmol/L Na+ and 150 mmol/L Cl-)- isotonic to plasma.

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18
Q

If you give a patient a colloid solution, the water should stay in what body compartment?

A

Intravascularly-protein is too big to leave blood.

19
Q

Water moves to areas of ____ oncotic pressure.

A

High.

20
Q

What is rabdomyelitis?

A

Damage to striated muscle causing necrosis, and potassium to leak into the blood, causing hyperkalaemia.

21
Q

What are normal plasma concs of sodium and potassium?

A
  1. Na=140 mmol/L

2. K=5 mmol/L

22
Q

What are the normal intracellular concs of Na and K?

A
  1. Na- 14 mmol/L

2. K- 160 mmol/L

23
Q

What’s the normal range of blood pH?

A

7.35-7.45

24
Q

What are normal plasma lactate levels?

A

<2nMol/L

25
Q

Connective tissue can be broadly classified based on what 3 things?

A
  1. ECM-ground substance
  2. Fibres-protein
  3. Cells
26
Q

Name 6 functions of connective tissue.

A
  1. Connecting
  2. Transporting
  3. Storing
  4. Protection/insulation
  5. Wound healing
  6. Defending
27
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

Core proteins with covalently bound glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that make up connective tissue ground substance.

28
Q

What is hyaluronic acid?

A

A unique GAG bound to proteoglycans by a link protein, found in cartilage ground substance.

29
Q

What type of collagen is the most abundant?

A

Type I- around 90%

30
Q

What is a disease of abnormal type I collagen?

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta

31
Q

What is a disease of abnormal elastic fibres?

A

Marfan’s syndrome

32
Q

Name key features of Marfan’s syndrome

A
  • Arachnodactyly
  • Very tall
  • Frequent joint dislocation
33
Q

What do mast cells release?

A
  1. Histamine
  2. Heparin
  3. Substances to attract neutrophils and eosinophils.
34
Q

What is the main role of brown fat?

A

Non-shivering thermogenesis- especially important in babies.

35
Q

What are the roles of white adipose tissue?

A
  1. Fuel reserve
  2. Insulation
  3. Shock absorption
36
Q

Loose connective tissue mainly has a role in….?

A

Transport/diffusion of nutrients and waste products to/from epithelia.

37
Q

Give examples of structures composed of dense regular connective tissue.

A

-Ligaments
-Tendons
-Aponeuroses
(All withstand unidirectional stress)

38
Q

Give examples of where dense irregular connective tissue is found.

A
  • Deep dermis

- Intestinal mucosa

39
Q

What is osmolality?

A

A function of the concentration of particles in solution.

40
Q

What is an abnormal plasma pH commonly due to?

A

Major organ dysfunction e.g. Lungs, kidney, liver. Shock- poor tissue perfusion–>hypoxia–>acidosis

41
Q

What are the 2 main types of connective tissue proper?

A

Dense and loose.

42
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans?

A

Long chain polysachharides that attract water to form a hydrated gel- allows CT to resist compression.
They are covalently bound to a core protein to form proteoglycans in the ground substance of connective tissue.

43
Q

Where can loose connective tissue be found?

A
  • Surrounding small blood vessels
  • Associated with gland epithelium
  • Superficial layer of dermis
  • Colon submucosa

Ellie's Body Logistics (13 decks)

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