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Ellie's Body Logistics > Sesh 11: Nervous And Endocrine System > Flashcards

Sesh 11: Nervous And Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we need a nervous system?

A

We are too large to rely on diffusion of substances and simple cell signalling.

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2
Q

Define a ganglion.

A

A collection of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.

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3
Q

What is a collection of cell bodies in the CNS called?

A

A nucleus

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4
Q

What is a tract?

A

Bundles of nerve fibres in the spinal cord.

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5
Q

What is found in grey matter?

A

Neurones. Information processing occurs here.

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6
Q

What type of matter in the CNS are axons found in?

A

White. Dissemination of of information up/down the spinal cord occurs via white matter.

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7
Q

Sensory axons travel via the _______ root.

A

Dorsal.

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8
Q

Motor axons travel in the _______ root.

A

Ventral.

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9
Q

How can the polarity of sensory neurone cell bodies, found in dorsal root ganglia, be described?

A

Pseudo-unipolar.

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10
Q

Motor neurones have many neuronal processes, so are termed ____________.

A

Multipolar.

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11
Q

Schwann cells myelinate axons in the _________ nervous system.

A

Peripheral

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12
Q

What glial cells myelinate axons in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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13
Q

What is the name of the glial cells that create the blood brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes

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14
Q

Apart from helping create the blood brain barrier, what do astrocytes do?

A

Can send out processes to get rid of any excess neurotransmitter at the synapse, to prevent unwanted effects at non-target neurones.

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15
Q

Perineurium is a connective tissue layer surrounding __________.

A

Fascicles- bundles of axons.

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16
Q

What connective tissue layer holds individual nerve fibres together within a fascicle?

A

Endoneurium.

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17
Q

What connective tissue layer holds individual fascicles together?

A

Epineurium.

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18
Q

Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system ________ bloodflow to the skin.

A

Reduces

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19
Q

The sympathetic nervous system causes arteries to _________ and veins to ___________.

A
  1. Vasoconstrict

2. Venoconstrict

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20
Q

List the 3 areas in which neurocrine communication occurs.

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Posterior pituitary
  3. Adrenal medulla
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21
Q

What is the general effect of steroid hormones on the target cell?

A

They bind to cytoplasmic/ nuclear receptors to alter gene transcription/ translation. Have slow, long-term effects.

22
Q

At which structure do the CNS and endocrine system communicate?

A

The hypothalamus.

23
Q

How does the hypothalamus connect with the pituitary gland?

A

The neuro-hypophyseal/ pituitary stalk.

24
Q

Hormones travel from the hypothalamus via the hypothalamus-hypophyseal portal system to the _________ pituitary.

A

Anterior.

25
Q

Broadly, the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis controls _____________ ________.

A

Metabolic rate.

26
Q

______ released from hypothalamic neurones stimulates release of ____ from cells in the anterior pituitary, which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce __ and __.

A
  1. TRH- thyrotropin releasing hormone
  2. TSH- thyroid stimulating hormone
  3. T3
  4. T4
27
Q

What is stress commonly defined as?

A

A state of real or perceived threat to homeostasis. The endocrine, nervous and immune system are all involved in response to stressors.

28
Q

Where are the principal effectors of the stress response located?

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Anterior lobe of pituitary
  3. Adrenal gland
29
Q

Name 2 classes of adrenal cortical hormones.

A
  1. Glucocorticoids

2. Mineralocorticoids

30
Q

The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis is involved in the ___________ response.

A

Stress/ ‘fight or flight’.

31
Q

Cortisol is a ______corticoid released from the ________ gland.

A
  1. gluco

2. Adrenal

32
Q

What type of cells is the adrenal medulla composed of?

A

Chromaffin cells (effectively modified neurones).

33
Q

Upon sympathetic stimulation, adrenal chromaffin cells release_______________/__________________ into the bloodstream. This is an example of __________ secretion.

A
  1. /2. Adrenaline/ Noradrenaline (catecholamines).

3. Neurocrine

34
Q

Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla are effectively considered the equivalent of ________________ ____________.

A
  1. Postsynaptic

2. Neurones

35
Q

In the short-term stress response, the adrenal gland releases ___________ and ______________, but in the long-term stress response releases _________________ and __________________.

A
  1. Adrenaline
  2. Noradrenaline
  3. Glucocorticoids (e.g. Cortisol)
  4. Mineralocorticoids (e.g. Aldosterone)
36
Q

What division of the ANS controls vasomotor tone?

A

The sympathetic NS.

37
Q

What hormone is produced by the thymus and what is its effect?

A

Thymosin- promotes T cell maturation.

38
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

Act as macrophages as part of the active immune response in CNS, following injury/pathogen.

39
Q

How is a cross section of the brain different to that of the spinal cord?

A

Brain has an extra layer of grey matter.

40
Q

Give examples of peptide hormones.

A
  • Insulin
  • Glucagon
  • ACTH
  • PTH
  • Gastrin etc
41
Q

Give examples of steroid hormones.

A
  • Oestrogen
  • Progesterone
  • Cortisol
  • Aldosterone
42
Q

Give examples of catecholamine hormones.

A
  • Adrenaline

- Noradrenaline

43
Q

Give an example of a thyroid hormone.

A

Thyroxine

44
Q

What 2 classes of hormones are tyrosine derivatives?

A

Catecholamine and thyroid hormones.

45
Q

What class of hormones are lipid-derived?

A

Steroid hormones

46
Q

What class of hormones are made on demand from precursors, unlike other classes that are made in advance?

A

Steroid hormones.

47
Q

Which 2 classes of hormones act on intracellular/nuclear receptors?

A

Steroid and thyroid hormones-can both change gene transcription.

48
Q

ADH and oxytocin are secreted from the ____________.

A

Posterior pituitary gland (neurocrine secretion)

49
Q

What are the main actions of mineralocorticoids?

A

Increase sodium and water retention, to increase blood vol and pressure.

50
Q

What are the main actions of glucocorticoids?

A

Increase conversion of proteins and fats into glucose, to increase blood sugar.
Also suppress immune system.

51
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland secrete, and what is its action?

A

Melatonin. Controls circadian rhythm and inhibits release of LH and FSH.

52
Q

What happens to the pineal gland in early adulthood?

A

Calcifies

Ellie's Body Logistics (13 decks)

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