Sesh 11: Nervous And Endocrine System

Question 1

Why do we need a nervous system?

Answer 1

We are too large to rely on diffusion of substances and simple cell signalling.

Question 2

Define a ganglion.

Answer 2

A collection of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.

Question 3

What is a collection of cell bodies in the CNS called?

Answer 3

A nucleus

Question 4

What is a tract?

Answer 4

Bundles of nerve fibres in the spinal cord.

Question 5

What is found in grey matter?

Answer 5

Neurones. Information processing occurs here.

Question 6

What type of matter in the CNS are axons found in?

Answer 6

White. Dissemination of of information up/down the spinal cord occurs via white matter.

Question 7

Sensory axons travel via the _______ root.

Answer 7

Dorsal.

Question 8

Motor axons travel in the _______ root.

Answer 8

Ventral.

Question 9

How can the polarity of sensory neurone cell bodies, found in dorsal root ganglia, be described?

Answer 9

Pseudo-unipolar.

Question 10

Motor neurones have many neuronal processes, so are termed ____________.

Answer 10

Multipolar.

Question 11

Schwann cells myelinate axons in the _________ nervous system.

Answer 11

Peripheral

Question 12

What glial cells myelinate axons in the CNS?

Answer 12

Oligodendrocytes

Question 13

What is the name of the glial cells that create the blood brain barrier?

Answer 13

Astrocytes

Question 14

Apart from helping create the blood brain barrier, what do astrocytes do?

Answer 14

Can send out processes to get rid of any excess neurotransmitter at the synapse, to prevent unwanted effects at non-target neurones.

Question 15

Perineurium is a connective tissue layer surrounding __________.

Answer 15

Fascicles- bundles of axons.

Question 16

What connective tissue layer holds individual nerve fibres together within a fascicle?

Answer 16

Endoneurium.

Question 17

What connective tissue layer holds individual fascicles together?

Answer 17

Epineurium.

Question 18

Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system ________ bloodflow to the skin.

Answer 18

Reduces

Question 19

The sympathetic nervous system causes arteries to _________ and veins to ___________.

Answer 19

1. Vasoconstrict

2. Venoconstrict

Question 20

List the 3 areas in which neurocrine communication occurs.

Answer 20

1. Hypothalamus
2. Posterior pituitary
3. Adrenal medulla

Question 21

What is the general effect of steroid hormones on the target cell?

Answer 21

They bind to cytoplasmic/ nuclear receptors to alter gene transcription/ translation. Have slow, long-term effects.

Question 22

At which structure do the CNS and endocrine system communicate?

Answer 22

The hypothalamus.

Question 23

How does the hypothalamus connect with the pituitary gland?

Answer 23

The neuro-hypophyseal/ pituitary stalk.

Question 24

Hormones travel from the hypothalamus via the hypothalamus-hypophyseal portal system to the _________ pituitary.

Answer 24

Anterior.

Question 25

Broadly, the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis controls _____________ ________.

Answer 25

Metabolic rate.

Question 26

______ released from hypothalamic neurones stimulates release of ____ from cells in the anterior pituitary, which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce __ and __.

Answer 26

1. TRH- thyrotropin releasing hormone 2. TSH- thyroid stimulating hormone 3. T3 4. T4

Question 27

What is stress commonly defined as?

Answer 27

A state of real or perceived threat to homeostasis. The endocrine, nervous and immune system are all involved in response to stressors.

Question 28

Where are the principal effectors of the stress response located?

Answer 28

1. Hypothalamus 2. Anterior lobe of pituitary 3. Adrenal gland

Question 29

Name 2 classes of adrenal cortical hormones.

Answer 29

1. Glucocorticoids | 2. Mineralocorticoids

Question 30

The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis is involved in the ___________ response.

Answer 30

Stress/ 'fight or flight'.

Question 31

Cortisol is a ______corticoid released from the ________ gland.

Answer 31

1. gluco | 2. Adrenal

Question 32

What type of cells is the adrenal medulla composed of?

Answer 32

Chromaffin cells (effectively modified neurones).

Question 33

Upon sympathetic stimulation, adrenal chromaffin cells release_______________/__________________ into the bloodstream. This is an example of __________ secretion.

Answer 33

1. /2. Adrenaline/ Noradrenaline (catecholamines). | 3. Neurocrine

Question 34

Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla are effectively considered the equivalent of ________________ ____________.

Answer 34

1. Postsynaptic | 2. Neurones

Question 35

In the short-term stress response, the adrenal gland releases ___________ and ______________, but in the long-term stress response releases _________________ and __________________.

Answer 35

1. Adrenaline 2. Noradrenaline 3. Glucocorticoids (e.g. Cortisol) 4. Mineralocorticoids (e.g. Aldosterone)

Question 36

What division of the ANS controls vasomotor tone?

Answer 36

The sympathetic NS.

Question 37

What hormone is produced by the thymus and what is its effect?

Answer 37

Thymosin- promotes T cell maturation.

Question 38

What is the function of microglia?

Answer 38

Act as macrophages as part of the active immune response in CNS, following injury/pathogen.

Question 39

How is a cross section of the brain different to that of the spinal cord?

Answer 39

Brain has an extra layer of grey matter.

Question 40

Give examples of peptide hormones.

Answer 40

- Insulin - Glucagon - ACTH - PTH - Gastrin etc

Question 41

Give examples of steroid hormones.

Answer 41

- Oestrogen - Progesterone - Cortisol - Aldosterone

Question 42

Give examples of catecholamine hormones.

Answer 42

- Adrenaline | - Noradrenaline

Question 43

Give an example of a thyroid hormone.

Answer 43

Thyroxine

Question 44

What 2 classes of hormones are tyrosine derivatives?

Answer 44

Catecholamine and thyroid hormones.

Question 45

What class of hormones are lipid-derived?

Answer 45

Steroid hormones

Question 46

What class of hormones are made on demand from precursors, unlike other classes that are made in advance?

Answer 46

Steroid hormones.

Question 47

Which 2 classes of hormones act on intracellular/nuclear receptors?

Answer 47

Steroid and thyroid hormones-can both change gene transcription.

Question 48

ADH and oxytocin are secreted from the ____________.

Answer 48

Posterior pituitary gland (neurocrine secretion)

Question 49

What are the main actions of mineralocorticoids?

Answer 49

Increase sodium and water retention, to increase blood vol and pressure.

Question 50

What are the main actions of glucocorticoids?

Answer 50

Increase conversion of proteins and fats into glucose, to increase blood sugar. Also suppress immune system.

Question 51

What hormone does the pineal gland secrete, and what is its action?

Answer 51

Melatonin. Controls circadian rhythm and inhibits release of LH and FSH.

Question 52

What happens to the pineal gland in early adulthood?

Answer 52

Calcifies