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Biochemistry Post Midterm > Serum Proteins > Flashcards

Serum Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

what are the proteins in the alpha 1 band?

A

alpha 1 antitrypsin
alpha fetoprotein
transcortin

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2
Q

what are the proteins in the alpha 2 band?

A

alpha 2 macroglobulin
ceruloplasmin
haptoglobin

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3
Q

what are the proteins in the beta band?

A

transferrin
hemopexin
beta lipoprotin

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4
Q

what are the proteins in the gamma band?

A

immunoglobins (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE) - synthesized by plasma cells

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5
Q

which bands contain proteins synthesized by the liver?

A

albumin, alpha 1, alpha 2 and beta

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6
Q

which band contains proteins synthesized by plasma cells?

A

gamma

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7
Q

what happens when albumin levels are low?

A

edema

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8
Q

where are albumin glycosylated?

A

blood at high BGL

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9
Q

where is albumin made?

A

liver

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10
Q

how are the aa in albumin stabilized?

A

internal disulfide bonds

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11
Q

what is serum albumin an indicator of?

A

nutritional status

liver synthetic function

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12
Q

what do low albumin levels indicate?

A

severe liver damage

inflammation

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13
Q

what does albumin presence in urine indicate?

A

damage to the basement membrane of the glomerulus (kidney)

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14
Q

where is alpha 1 antitrypsin made?

A

liver, N-glycosylated (asparagine)

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15
Q

What does alpha 1 antitrypsin do?

A

inhibits neutrophil elastase

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16
Q

what does cigarette smoke do to alpha 1 antitrypsin?

A

oxidizes the methoinine residue that is needed to bind to elastase - now the alpha 1 trypsin isn’t working

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17
Q

what is alpha fetoprotein a marker for?

A

cancer of liver, ovaries or testies

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18
Q

what do high maternal levels of AFP indicate?

A

fetal neural tube defects - spina bifida etc.

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19
Q

what do low maternal levels of AFP indicate?

A

down syndrome

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20
Q

where is transcortin synthesized?

A

in the liver and the blood

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21
Q

what does retinol binding protein do?

A

transport retinol (vitamin a) in blood from liver to peripheral tissues

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22
Q

how is retinol stored in the liver?

A

retinyl esters

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23
Q

what does alpha 2 macroglobulun do?

A

protease (plasmin anad thrombin) inhibitor

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24
Q

what is low levels of ceruloplasmin characteristic of?

A

Wilsons disease

- due to less attachment of copper to ceruloplasmin - the copper accumulates in the tissues = Kayser-fleischer rings

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25
Q

what does hepatoglobin do?

A

binds to free hemoglobin so its not lost!

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26
Q

what does transferrin do?

A

takes the ferric ions (Fe3+) made form ceruloplasmin and transports it to intestine, liver and bone marrow and spleen

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27
Q

what does hemopexin do?

A

binds to free heme and prevents iron loss by kidneys

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28
Q

what stimulates the synthesis of positive acute phase reactants?

A

cytokines

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29
Q

what will spike (increase fraction) with acute inflammation?

A

alpha 1 and alpha 2

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30
Q

what is CPR measured by?

A

specific test - only present during inflammation

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31
Q

what are the 5 proteins in the gamma band?

A

IgM, IgE, IgA, IgD, IgG

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32
Q

how is retinol stored in the liver?

A

retinyl esters

33
Q

what does alpha 2 macroglobulun do?

A

protease (plasmin anad thrombin) inhibitor

34
Q

what does alpha 2 macroglobulun do?

A

protease (plasmin anad thrombin) inhibitor

35
Q

what does alpha 2 macroglobulun do?

A

protease (plasmin anad thrombin) inhibitor

36
Q

what is low levels of ceruloplasmin characteristic of?

A

Wilsons disease

- due to less attachment of copper to ceruloplasmin - the copper accumulates in the tissues = Kayser-fleischer rings

37
Q

what is low levels of ceruloplasmin characteristic of?

A

Wilsons disease

- due to less attachment of copper to ceruloplasmin - the copper accumulates in the tissues = Kayser-fleischer rings

38
Q

what is low levels of ceruloplasmin characteristic of?

A

Wilsons disease

- due to less attachment of copper to ceruloplasmin - the copper accumulates in the tissues = Kayser-fleischer rings

39
Q

what does hepatoglobin do?

A

binds to free hemoglobin so its not lost!

40
Q

what does hepatoglobin do?

A

binds to free hemoglobin so its not lost!

41
Q

what does transferrin do?

A

takes the ferric ions (Fe3+) made form ceruloplasmin and transports it to intestine, liver and bone marrow and spleen

42
Q

what does transferrin do?

A

takes the ferric ions (Fe3+) made form ceruloplasmin and transports it to intestine, liver and bone marrow and spleen

43
Q

what does hemopexin do?

A

binds to free heme and prevents iron loss by kidneys

44
Q

what does hemopexin do?

A

binds to free heme and prevents iron loss by kidneys

45
Q

what stimulates the synthesis of positive acute phase reactants?

A

cytokines

46
Q

what will spike (increase fraction) with acute inflammation?

A

alpha 1 and alpha 2

47
Q

what is CPR measured by?

A

specific test - only present during inflammation

48
Q

what are the 5 proteins in the gamma band?

A

IgM, IgE, IgA, IgD, IgG

49
Q

Talk about IgM

A

found in blood and lymph

1st antibody produced in response to infection

50
Q

Talk about IgM

A

found in blood and lymph

1st antibody produced in response to infection

51
Q

talk about IgG

A

found in all body fluids
small, most common antibody
produced on repeated expsure to infection
crosses placenta and give immunity to baby

52
Q

talk about IgG

A

found in all body fluids
small, most common antibody
produced on repeated expsure to infection
crosses placenta and give immunity to baby

53
Q

talk about IgE

A

found in lung, skin, mucous membranes

secreted in allergi reactions

54
Q

talk about IgE

A

found in lung, skin, mucous membranes

secreted in allergi reactions

55
Q

talk about IgA

A

found in body secretions

protects body surfaces

56
Q

talk about IgA

A

found in body secretions

protects body surfaces

57
Q

talk about IgD

A

role in serum uncertain

58
Q

talk about IgD

A

role in serum uncertain

59
Q

what does albumin bind to and transport

A
  • free calcium
  • free fatty acids
  • hormones - thyroxine
  • unconjugated bilirubin
60
Q

what is the binding of albumin to Ca2+ influenced by? explain?

A

influence by pH - if there is high pH or alkalosis, it makes albumin more negative which increases albumins affinity for calcium - so now, more free calcium is taken up from blood and bound to albumin. Therefore, you get hypocalacemia because the calcium is out of blood and in albumin

61
Q

in what state does albumin transport free fatty acids?

A

fasting state

62
Q

what hormone does albumin bind to?

A

thyroxine

63
Q

what are the 2 major causes of hypoalbuminemia?

A 
decreased synthesis of albumin
- malnutrition - Kwarsakor disease
-chronic liver cirrhosis
increase loss of albumin
- severe burns
-loss of albumin in urine
64
Q

where is alpha fetoprotein abundant?

A

fetal plasma

65
Q

alpha 1 antitrypsin exists in polymorphic forms, which form is normal and which is defective?

A

M allell is normal

Z and S allele are defective

66
Q

individuals who are homozygous for Z allele (ZZ) have a risk of developing what?

A

pulomnary disease

liver disease - accum. of A1AT in liver because only 15% is being secreted

67
Q

levels of what are 10 fold increased in nephrotic syndrome?

A

alpha 2 macroglobulin - why? its so big, you lose albumin, but macroglobulin stays behind so its stuck

68
Q

where are low levels of serum free hepatoglobin levels found?

A

in patients with acute hemolysis - can be used to monitor patients with hemolytic anemia

69
Q

how many Fe3+ atoms can bind to 1 tranferrin?

A

2

70
Q

what does Beta globin proteins have that make it overall postive charge?

A

LDL - have Apo B 100 which is +

71
Q

where did CRP get its name?

A

reacted with the C-polypeptide of pneumococcus

71
Q

what will you see with acute inflammation?

A 
albumin: down
alpha 1: up
Alpha 2: up
Beta: normal
gamma: normal
72
Q

what will you see with liver cirrhosis?

A 
albumin: down
alpha 1: normal
Alpha 2: down ish
Beta: up
gamma: up
IgA = UP
73
Q

what will you see with nephrotic syndrome?

A 
albumin: down - excreted in urine
alpha 1: down
Alpha 2: up - macroglobulins (too big)
Beta: down
gamma: down
74
Q

what will you see with alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency?

A 
albumin: normal
alpha 1: down
Alpha 2: normal
Beta: normal
gamma: normal
75
Q

what will you see with hypogammaglobulinemia?

A 
albumin: normal
alpha 1: normal
Alpha 2: normal
Beta: normal
gamma: down
76
Q

what will you see with multiple myeloma?

A 
albumin: normal
alpha 1: normal
Alpha 2: normal
Beta: normal
gamma: up
77
Q

what will you see with multiple myeloma?

A 
albumin: normal
alpha 1: normal
Alpha 2: normal
Beta: normal
gamma: up

Biochemistry Post Midterm (24 decks)

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