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Biochemistry Post Midterm > Obesity > Flashcards

Obesity Flashcards

1
Q

What is obesity?

A

condition when an individual has a BMI greater than 30 kg/m2

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2
Q

what does BMI measure?

A

weight relative to height

  • strongly correlates with total fat content in adults
  • there are some exceptions - muscle mass etc.
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3
Q

what BMI is considered underweight?

A

< 18.5

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4
Q

what BMI is considered healthy?

A

18.5-24.9

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5
Q

what BMI is considered overweight?

A

25-29.9

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6
Q

what BMI is considereed obese?

A

> 30

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7
Q

what are ways to diagnose obesity?

A
  • BMI calculation
  • waist circumference
  • waist to hip ratio (WHR)
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8
Q

with weight circumference, what values indicate obesity?

A

> or = 40 for men

> or = 35 for women

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9
Q

with waist to hip ratio (WHR), what values indicate obesity?

A

> or = to 0.9 for men

> or = to 0.8 for women

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10
Q

in both men and women, a WHR of > or = to what increases health risks?

A

1

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11
Q

What is skin fold measurements?

A

used to assess subcutaneous fat by comparing it to population strandards

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12
Q

what is bioelectric impedance?

A

measures conduction speed of a small electric current in the body

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13
Q

what are methods used to assess body fat content?

A
  • skin fold
  • bioelectric impedance
  • underwater weighing
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14
Q

what are the metabolic effects associated with obesity?

A
  • dyslipiemia (increase in serum TAGs mostly VLDL)
  • glucose intolerance
  • insulin resistance
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15
Q

what are the 2 kinds of fat based on location?

A

visceral (worse!)

subcutaneous

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16
Q

define visceral fat?

A

visceral, abdominal fat, and cytokines are released into the PORTAL VEIN and are taken up by the liver and can contribute to HIGHER VLDL in the blog

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17
Q

define subcutaneous fat?

A

fat released from subcutaneous fat enters GENERAL CIRCULATION and is used up by the muscles prior to reaching the liver!

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18
Q

what does an apple shaped body indicate?

A

higher risk of CHD and syndrome X/metabolic syndrome

higher adipose tissue: higher amount of visceral fat (bad)

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19
Q

what does a pear shaped body indicate?

A

indicates higher amounts of subcutaneous fat

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20
Q

what does modest weight gain result in an increase of?

A

adipocyte size (hypertrophy)

21
Q

what happens to adipocytes with excessive weight gain?

A

increase in both size and number (hypertrophy and hypoerplasia)

22
Q

what percentage of dietary fat is TAGs?

A

90%

23
Q

what percent of chylomicrons are TAGs?

A

85%

24
Q

what percentage of adipocytes are TAGs?

A

90%

25
Q

as BMI increases from 20 to 30, the body’s TAG content does what?

A

doubles!

26
Q

adipocytes secrete several hormones that play a role in what?

A
  • appetite control/weight gain
  • inflammation
  • insulin resistance
27
Q

adipocytes have 2 major functions, what are they?

A

fat storage

endocrine functions

28
Q

what is hypothesis I regarding the factors contributing to obesity?

A

a biologically predetermined “set point” for body weight for most individuals

29
Q

what is hypothesis II regarding the factors contributing to obesity?

A

a “settling point” that reflects food intake, energy expenditure, and other factors

30
Q

what are the major factors that regulate body weight?

A
  • genetic - validated by twins

- environmental (lifestyle/behavioral)

31
Q

mutations in what genees or receptors can rpoduce hyperphagia (Abnormally increased appetite for and consumption of food) and massive obestiy?

A

mutations in leptin gene or its receptors!

32
Q

what is leptin?

A 
plays a key role in
-weight gain
-appetite suppression
-energy expenditure
through its actions on the hypothalamus
33
Q

what does insulin do?

A

dampens appetite

34
Q

what are the long term signals?

A

leptin

insulin

35
Q

what are the short term signals?

A

ghrelin

CCK

36
Q

ultimately, what does weight gain result from?

A

inbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure

37
Q

what does regulation involve?

A

genetic
environmental
hormonal factors…

38
Q

what tissues are affected with the metabolic changes associated with obesity?

A

liver
muscle
adipose

39
Q

what is metabolic syndrome?

A

a clustering of atherosclerotic CVD risk factors that include

  • visceral adipocity (obesity)
  • insulin resistance
  • low HDL
  • systemic proinflammatory state
40
Q

what several key compoennts lead to metabolic syndrome?

A
  • HTN
  • dyslipidemia
  • INSULIN RESISTANCE
  • chronic inflammation
  • impaired fibrinolysis
  • procoagulation
  • CENTRAL OBESITY
41
Q

there is a strong correlation between what and what?

A

weight gain and insulin resistance eventually

42
Q

what does insulin stimulate?

A
  • lipogenesis
  • increased aa uptake
  • protein syntehsis
  • glycogen storage
43
Q

what does insulin inhibit?

A
  • lipolysis
  • gluconeogenesis
  • glycogenolysis
44
Q

what are the pharmacological agents used to manage obesity?

A

Sibutramine

orlistat

45
Q

what is sibutramine?

A

appetite suppressant - increases the feeling of fullness - taken off market in US?

46
Q

what is orlistat?

A

gastric and pancreatic lipase inhibitor, inhibits the digestion of TAGs and therefore reduces dietary TAG absorption

47
Q

what are the surgical options for managing obesity?

A

gastric banding
ileo gastric bypass

***must have BMI over 35!!!!!!

48
Q

what is gastric banding?

A

decrease the size of stomach and therefore reduces food intake

49
Q

what is ileo gastric bypass?

A

decrease the size of stomach pouch and ddecrease the absoprtion of nutrients from intestine

Biochemistry Post Midterm (24 decks)

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