Sepsis

Question 1

define bacteremia

Answer 1

cultivatable bacteria in the bloodstream

Question 2

define SIRS (list its criteria)

Answer 2

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome must include two of the following: temp >38 C or 90 beats/min; RR >20 or Paco2 12,000 cells/mm3 or 10% immature (band) forms

Question 3

which kind of bacteria releases exotoxins: gram-positive or gram-negative?

Answer 3

gram-positive: gram-negative bacteria have endotoxins, not exotoxins

Question 4

for which kind of bacteria is LPS a key PAMP: gram-positive or gram-negative?

Answer 4

gram-negative: the key PAMP for gram-positive bacteria is LTA

Question 5

which is the only TLR associated with gram-positive bacteria recognition?

Answer 5

TLR 2

Question 6

what is anasarca

Answer 6

extreme, generalized edema (can be caused by infusion of epinephrine, among other causes)

Question 7

what cell synthesizes NO

Answer 7

endothelial cells (via eNO synthase)

Question 8

in addition to endothelial cells, what other type of cell expresses tissue factor?

Answer 8

monocytes

Question 9

what is the main difference between protein C and C reactive protein?

Answer 9

activated protein C is an antithrombotic enzyme, C reactive protein is a complement system activator (through C1Q complex)