Endocrinolgy

Question 1

where are magnocellular neurons generally located and what do they produce?

Answer 1

paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus and they produce oxytocin and AVP (ADH)

Question 2

what do parvocellular neuons produce?

Answer 2

hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary: GnRH, CRH, TRH, Prolactin Inhibitory peptide, GHRH

Question 3

what is the normal Ca2+ concentration in the blood?

Answer 3

10 mg/dL

Question 4

what are the percentages of protein-bound, anion-bound and free (biologically active) calcium?

Answer 4

40% is bound to proteins (albumin), 10% is bound to anions, and 50% is free

Question 5

what are the symptoms of hypocalcemia?

Answer 5

hyperreflexia, spontaneous twitching, muscle spasm, tingling, numbness, positive Chvostek sign (facial twitching elicited by tapping on CN VII) and positive Trousseau sign (carpopedal twitch upon inflation of BP cuff)

Question 6

what are the symptoms of hypercalcemia?

Answer 6

Stones (nephrolithiasis), Moans (constipation, nausea, vomitting), Bones (bone pain), Thrones (polyuria, polydipsia) and psychiatric overtones (cognitive dysfunction, fatigue, lethargy, obtundation, coma)