Separatism

Question 1

Autonomy

Answer 1

The right to self government.

eg. Basque Region, Spain

Question 2

Separatism define

Answer 2

The attempt by regional groups to gain more political control from central government over the area in which they live.
Some groups want total independence eg. South Sudan.

Support separation of smaller group of people from larger group of people.

Question 3

Reasons for separatist pressure

Answer 3

1: Economic differences eg. Breton nationalism in France
2: Cultural differences eg. Chechens, Russia, Tamil Tigers - Sri Lanka
3: Peripheral location eg. Scottish nationalists
4: Language differences eg. Welsh Catalan
5: Religious differences eg. Kurds

Question 4

2 types of consequences

Answer 4

Peaceful or non-peaceful

Question 5

Consequences in increasing order of extremism

Answer 5

1: Establishment and maintenance of own societies and norms, for instance with clear separate cultural identities within a country eg. Bretons in France
2: Protection of language through media and education eg. Welsh Catalan
3: Growth of separate political parties and devolved power eg. Scottish and Welsh Nationalists
4: Civil disobedience eg. Friends of Owen Glendauer, unsuccessful rebellion was last major Welsh attempt to throw off British rule
5: Terrorist violence eg. Basques, Chechnya
6: Civil war eg. East Timor, Tamil Tigers - Sri Lanka
7: International conflicts

Question 6

Why does Separatism occur?

Answer 6

Small groups feels alienated, discriminated against or oppressed.
Feel at risk of losing their identity.

Question 7

Ethnic

Answer 7

More cultural and linguistic …

RATHER than racial and religious

Question 8

Scottish

Answer 8

Establishment of parliament 1999, wish for independence = Nationalism

Own church, legal and education system.

Question 9

Welsh

Answer 9

Own assembly 1999
Pushed hard to promote language and culture.

Desire to be independent from England is much less than the Scots.

Question 10

Devolved powers

Answer 10

Grant powers from a central government to govern at a sub national level in a region.

Compare desire to be independent of Scotland & Wales

Question 11

Basque peaceful

Answer 11

• preserve culture through traditions, clothing, food
• language preserved through media and school policies
• political parties (such as Basque Nationalist party) aim to get greater political independence
• some political independence eg. Some areas own parliament and police force, control over education and collect their own taxes, however others want full independence.

Question 12

Basque, non-peaceful

Answer 12

Consequence = terrorist violence

ETA used violence in its campaign for independence.
Most active 1970s
1997 kidnapped and killed politician
2001- named terrorist organisation.
2006 bomb in Madrid Airport - killed 2, 50+ injured
2010 = ceasefire
2011 = end to all armed activity following international peace conference.
2014 = publically hand over all arms.

Spanish government want to disband completely.
In past have broken ceasefires.

ETA = use terror tactics to get attention.
820 deaths over past 40 years

Question 13

Why Basque separatism?

Answer 13

Spanish and French governments have tried to suppress Undermining Basque culture, language, tradition and race. See themselves as very culturally different.

Supporters of independence of Basque homeland.

Question 14

Basque provinces

Answer 14

7
Spain = Navarra
France = Labourd

NORTH SPAIN. 92% in Spain.
SW FRANCE

Question 15

Collapse Basque ceasefire

Answer 15

ETA 1998 ceasefire, talks in Zurich followed … Collapsed. Brought moderate and radical Basque nationalism closer.

Question 16

Defeat

Answer 16

Tamil Tigers, Sri Lanka
= Cultural differences
Civil War
Fighting for separate homeland in the north and east of the island.
Tamil language.