Separation Standards - S1 - C3 Flashcards
What are the provisions of standard separation?
Standard vertical or horizontal separation shall be provided, between:
- All flights in Class A
- IFR in Class C, D & E
- IFR & VFR in Class C
- IFR & SVFR
- SVFR (except where a reduction is authorised by the CAA)
Class G
- Separation between aircraft is ultimately the responsibility of the pilot; however, in providing a Deconfliction Service or a Procedural Service, controllers will provide information and advice aimed at achieving defined deconfliction minima.
When shall separation be increased?
- requested by the pilot;
- a controller considers it necessary;
- directed by the CAA.
In the vicinity of an aerodrome when can separation be reduced? (4)
In the vicinity of aerodromes, the standard separation minima may be reduced if:
- When each aircraft is continuously visible to this controller
- each aircraft is continuously visible to the pilots of other aircraft concerned and the pilots report that they can maintain their own separation
- when one aircraft is following another, the pilot of the succeeding aircraft reports the other aircraft is in sight and can maintain their own separation.
- when SAR Aircraft are escorting an aircraft in an emergency
What is essential traffic information?
Essential traffic is traffic which is separated for any period by less than the specified standard separation.
Vertical separation minima
Up to FL290 apply 1,000 ft;
Above FL290 apply 2,000 ft,
except that between FL290 and FL410 inclusive, 1,000 ft may be applied between RVSM approved aircraft operating in airspace designated as being notified for the application of this separation standard.
Vertical Separation
Changing Levels
Aircraft may be instructed to change level at a specified time, place or rate.
An aircraft may be instructed to climb or descend to a level previously occupied by another aircraft provided that:
- vertical separation already exists;
- the vacating aircraft is proceeding to a level that will maintain vertical separation.
And Either:
- the controller observes that the vacating aircraft has left the level; or
- the pilot has reported vacating the level.
VMC Climb and Descent
Controllers may authorise an aircraft to climb or descend in VMC provided:
- the manoeuvre is restricted to Class D, E, F and G airspace at or below FL100;
- it is during the hours of daylight;
- the aircraft is flying in visual meteorological conditions;
- the pilot of the aircraft climbing or descending agrees to maintain their own separation from other aircraft and the manoeuvre is agreed by the pilot of the other aircraft; and
- essential traffic information is given.
What are the 3 types of horizontal separation?
(1) Lateral separation;
(2) Longitudinal separation;
(3) Separation based on ATS surveillance system information.
What is an exact reporting point? (4)
- overhead a VOR;
- overhead an NDB;
- a position notified as a reporting point and which is established by the intersection of VOR radials, or of a VOR radial and a bearing from an NDB;
- a position established by a VOR radial combined with a range from a co-located or associated DME.
TIME
Departure Separations
1 minute
AC Diverge by 45’ or more, immediately after take off
What details shall be passed to an aircraft for essential traffic information? (4)
- Direction of flight of conflicting aircraft
- Type of conflicting aircraft
- Cruising level of conflicting aircraft and ETA for the reporting point, or for aircraft passing through the level of another with less than the normal separation; the ETA for the reporting point nearest to where the aircraft will cross levels
- Any alternative clearance
TIME
Departure Separations
2 minutes
2 min - preceding AC has a filed TAS of 40kts or more faster & no Manoeuvres
TIME
Departure Separations
5 minutes
preceding AC has filed TAS of 20kts or more faster
OR
provided 5 mins is maintained up to a reporting point, the separated;
- vertically
- tracks diverging by 30’ or more
- by ATS surveillance
TIME
Departure Separations
10 minutes
10 mins - everything else
