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Animal Minds > Sensory Systems > Flashcards

Sensory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five fundamenals of sensation

A

Vision
Audition
Olfaction
Touch
Taste
Others

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2
Q

What is sensation in its most simple form?

A

Energy transduction

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3
Q

What is the basis of energy transduction?

A

In each sensory modality, a specific type of stimulus energy is transformed into neural responses that are processed by the brain

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4
Q

What are the five steps of sensing

A

Stimulus -> collection -> transduction -> spikes -> processing

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5
Q

Why do animals need to sense/measure signals in the world?

A

Finding food
Detecting predators
Finding suitable mates

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6
Q

What are the types of signals animals can measure?

A

Electromagnetic
Chemical
Mechanical

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7
Q

What are electromagnetic signals

A

Light
Heat
Electrical signals
Magnetic signals

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8
Q

What are chemical signals

A

Taste
Smell
Pheromones

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9
Q

What are mechanical signals

A

Pressure
Gravity
Sounds
Touch
Vibration

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10
Q

What are humans five senses

A

Touch
Taste
Vision
Audition
Olfaction

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11
Q

What are the three methods of determining what signals are sensed by animals

A

Electrophysiology
Natural behavior to relevant stimuli
Animal psychophysics

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12
Q

How does electrophysiology work

A

Measure sensory neuron responses

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13
Q

Give an example of electrophysiology

A

Attraction of male moths to female phermonesWhat

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14
Q

does electrophysiology not inform us about

A

Behavioral utility

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15
Q

What is behavioral utility

A

How and why animals behave the way they do

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16
Q

Give an example of a study that used natural behavior to relevent stimuli to determine signals

A

Johnston et al. (1993) tested whether hamsters could identify and discriminate between two other hamster’s scents
(hamsters mark their territories using their secretions)

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17
Q

Why is animal psychophysics necessary?

A

Natural behavior is very uncontrolled and sometimes cannot help prove hypotheses

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18
Q

What deos animal psychophysics measure

A

How much information is processed by the senses quantitatively

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19
Q

What is a significant animal psychophysics study

A

Remy and Emerton (1989)

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20
Q

What did Remy and Emerton study

A

the range of light waves visible to pigeons

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21
Q

Describe Remy and Emerton’s study and results (not on slide show)

A
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22
Q

How did eyes evolve?

A
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23
Q

What are the three types of eyes

A

Ocelli
Lens and retina
Compound eyes

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24
Q

What are ocelli and how do they work?

A
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25
Q

What are lens and retina and how do they work?

A
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26
Q

What are compound eyes and how do they work?

A
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27
Q

Eye placement

A
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28
Q

Advantages of color vision

A

Helps us contrast objects from backgrounds (add more)

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29
Q

Different color receptors

A
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30
Q

Ultraviolet vision

A

10-400nm frequency

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31
Q

What vision do humans have

A

RGB

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32
Q

What vision do bees have

A

UV + G + B

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33
Q

What vision do birds have

A

UV + R + G + B

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34
Q

Infrared vision

A

780nm-1mm wavelength

35
Q

What are the two types of audition for humans

A

ITD (interaural time differences) and ILD (interaural level differences)

36
Q

What is ITD

A

Interaural time difference

37
Q

What does ITD use

A

Difference in time

38
Q

When is ITD dominant

A

Lower frequencies (below 1000 Hz)

39
Q

What is ILD

A

Interaural level difference

40
Q

What does ILD use

A

differences in intensity

41
Q

When is ILD dominant

A

Higher frequencies (above 100Hz)

42
Q

What is the human hearing frequency range?

A

20Hz-20kHz

43
Q

What is the purpose of having ILD and ITD

A

Locating where a sound is coming from

44
Q

What is echolocation

A

Clicking sounds made to gather information about objects based on the echo of the clicks off of them

45
Q

What information can be gathered through echolocation

A

size, location, shape, texture, and motion of the object

46
Q

Is echolocation usually low or high frequency?

A

High frequency

47
Q

How do dolphins use high frequency clicks

A

To echolocate

48
Q

How else to dolphins communicate

A

Low frequency calls over long distances

49
Q

What is directly responsible for detecting odors

A

The olfactory epithelium

50
Q

Why do dogs have a better sense of smell than humans

A

Their epithelium is 15-20 times larger and has hundreds of millions of receptors

51
Q

What are the three main purposes of olfaction?

A

Mating
Homing
Avoiding predators

52
Q

How do garter snakes use olfaction

A

Mating

53
Q

How do garter snakes use olfaction in mating

A

Collect air particles with their tongues, taste them, and pass them to their nasal cavity.

Males follow chemical trails left by females, who mark one side of an object more than another to convey direction.

54
Q

Who studied olfaction in homing

A

Minguez et al. (1997)

55
Q

Describe the Minguez et al experiment

A

Moved young storm petrel chicks from their nesting sites and blocked their noses.
No chick made it back with a blocked nose, but all chicks with an open nose found their way back.

56
Q

Who studied olfaction in avoiding predators

A

Baretto (1999)

57
Q

Describe Baretto’s experiment

A

Showed that water voles avoid cages with odor of predators, but show no aversion to the novel control odor

58
Q

What is the primary function of taste receptors

A

Alerting animals to avoid poison and seek critical nutrients

59
Q

What are the 5 taste receptors in humans

A

Sweet
Salty
Bitter
Sour
Savory

60
Q

What are the 5 taste receptors in dogs

A

Sweet
Bitter
Sour
Savory
Water

61
Q

What are the 5 taste receptors in cats

A

Salty
Bitter
Sour
Savory
Water

62
Q

What are the 7 taste receptors in rats

A

Sweet
Salty
Bitter
Sour
Savory
Water
Calcium

63
Q

What is the somatosensory system

A

Network of neural structures in the brain and body that produce the perception of touch

64
Q

What is the somatosensory cortex

A

Region of the brain which is responsible for processing touch sensory information from across the body

65
Q

What is a somatosensory homunculus

A

Proportional representation of how much of the somatosensory cortex is used to process touch inputs from different parts of the body

66
Q

What are the main regions of the body that the somatosensory cortex of a rabbit is dedicated to

A

Whiskers, face

67
Q

What are the main regions of the body that the somatosensory cortex of a cat is dedicated to

A

Whiskers, paws

68
Q

What are the main regions of the body that the somatosensory cortex of a monkey is dedicated to

A

Mouth, face, hands

69
Q

What are the main regions of the body that the somatosensory cortex of a human is dedicated to

A

Mouth, face, fingers

70
Q

Describe the sensory system of star-nosed moles

A

22 fingers or rays on nose, which contains touch, smell, and taste receptors

71
Q

Describe the density of star-nosed moles raus

A

Densest touch receptor cells of any mammal.

72
Q

How sensitive are the rays of star nosed moles in comparison to those on the human hand

A

6 times more sensitive

73
Q

What other sense do star nosed moles rays have

A

Electro-sensing

74
Q

Describe the star nosed mole’s cortical proportions

A

52% of the cortex is devoted to the “fingers”

75
Q

What are the two “Other” senses

A

Electroreception
Sensitivity to magnetic fields

76
Q

What is one animal that uses electroreception

A

Elephant-fish

77
Q

How does electroreception work in elephant-fish

A

Electric fields are generated by the electric organ and sensed by sensitive pits called the fovea

Conducting materials concentrate the fields and non conducting material spread the field, creating a gradient

78
Q

What are two animals that use magnetic fields

A

Honeybees and homing pigeons

79
Q

How do honeybees utilize magnetic fields

A

Magnetic fields in the atmosphere are used to recognize differences in location, altitude, and directionality

80
Q

How do homing pigeons use magnetic fields

A

Earth’s magnetic field is used to orient them.

81
Q

What will happen if you place a magnet on the back of a homing pigeon and who discovered this

A

Loss of orientation under overcast conditions (Mora et al. 2004)

82
Q

What shapes the perceptual systems of different animals

A

Different environments and needs

83
Q

What can we use insights gained by studying the perceptual system of different animals for

A

To reason about the problem they were evolved to solve

84
Q

What is the downside to enhanced senses and what does this tell us about the snimal

A

Enhanced senses come with an energy cost.
Different animals adapt their sensory systems to best serve their needs.

Animal Minds (17 decks)

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