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Animal Minds > History and Philosophy of Etiology > Flashcards

History and Philosophy of Etiology Flashcards

1
Q

Define etiology

A

Study of animal behavior

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2
Q

What are the 5 components of the mind?

A

Introspection
Phenomenal/experiential
Action/thought
Conscious vs unconscious
Knowing why you do what you do

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3
Q

Introspection component of the mind

A

Where/what is your mind

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4
Q

Phenomenal/experiential component of the mind

A

You can sense the world

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5
Q

Action/thought component of the mind

A

Decide what to do next, choose to do it/not to do it
Perceiving, making connections/decisions

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6
Q

Conscious vs Unconscious component of the mind

A

Being aware of much of what you’re doing, but not all of it

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7
Q

What is metaphisics

A

Mind vs matter

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8
Q

What are the two routes of metaphysics

A

Dualism and monism

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9
Q

What is dualism

A

Mental and physical are both real, separate, autonomous domains

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10
Q

Define autonomous

A

the capacity to make an informed, uncoerced decision

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11
Q

What are the two subcategories of dualists?

A

Substance dualists vs property dualists

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12
Q

What do both substance dualists and property dualists believe

A

Mental/physical are real and autonomous

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13
Q

What do substance dualists and property dualists disagree on

A

Whether mind and matter are made of the same or different “stuff”

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14
Q

What is monism

A

Mind and matter are of the same domain (only one domain)

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15
Q

What are the two subcategories of monism

A

Physicalists vs idealists

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16
Q

What do physicalists and idealists disagree on

A

Whether the world is physical or only an idea

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17
Q

What is a large historical debate in etiology

A

Do animals have thinking, rational minds?

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18
Q

Which historical figures did not believe animals have thinking, rational minds and what time period did they live in?

A

Aristotle (384-322 BC)
St Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274 AD)
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804 AD)
Rene Descartes (1596-1650 AD)

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19
Q

What were aristotle’s 3 arguments?

A

Humans share some essential functions with animals but what distinguishes us is that we have reason
Animals are not rational; they act only on instinct and emotion
Humans are “The Rational Animals”

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20
Q

What was St. Thomas Aquinas’ argument?

A

Animals were created by god to serve humans’ purposes
Killing animals is moral bc it benefits the human race

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21
Q

What was Immanuel Kant’s reasoning

A

Animals lack personhood and act only on desires
Animals are property

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22
Q

What is personhood?

A

The ability to consider consequences and reasons for actions

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23
Q

What was Rene Descartes’ argument?

A

Animals lack language, and therefore cant have thought. Animals lack the ability to reason, are mindless automata

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24
Q

What is reason

A

Universal instrument of using general principals when responding to environmental cues

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25
Q

Which historical figure was more accepting of animals having minds and what time period did he live in

A

Voltaire (1694-1778 AD)

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26
Q

What was Voltaire’s reasoning?

A

Animals do exhibit behaviors that are indicative of rational behavior

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27
Q

What animal behaviors are indicative of rational behavior?

A

Learning, problem-solving

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28
Q

Which historical figure was very accepting of animals having minds and what time period did he live in?

A

David Hume (1711-1776 AD)

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29
Q

What was David Hume’s reasoning?

A

Animals having minds is “an evident truth” and is visible to anyone who bothers to look
Used argument from analogy

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30
Q

What was David Hume’s argument from analogy?

A

Animals exhibit some human-like behaviors so we can assume they have similar mind mechanisms

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31
Q

What two things do you need to establish the existence of animal thought/reason?

A

Theoretical viewpoint on what kinds of capacities are required as evidence of a thinking, reasoning “mind”
Empirical evidence for such capacities in evidence

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32
Q

Why are these two things needed to establish the existence of animal thought/reason?

A

Your opinion going into an experiment will determine what you are looking for and the conclusions you will draw

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33
Q

What are the four types of arguments for animal minds?

A

Arguments from analogy
Arguments from evolutionary parsimony
Inference to the best explanation arguments
Direct perception arguments

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34
Q

What do arguments from analogy rely on

A

Extrapolating from human experience

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35
Q

Explain argument from analogy

A

Humans have a mind and certain properties, another animal has this property, so this animal probably has a mind

36
Q

What is the disadvantage of argument from analogy

A

It is difficult to apply to species with very different lifestyles, sensory systems, etc

37
Q

What argument is argument from evolutionary parsimony similar to?

A

Argument from analogy

38
Q

What is the difference between argument from analogy and argument from evolutionary partimony

A

Evolutionary parsimony is more of a biological approach

39
Q

Explain the concept of argument from evolutionary parsimony

A

The mind is an evolved feature.
Humans have minds, therefore animals closely related to us likely also show evidence of mind when they produce the same behaviors that we produce through mental processes

40
Q

Explain the argument from evolutionary parsimony in terms of phylogenetic trees

A

Two species will share a last common ancestor. All three species will produce a behavior that emerged before the species split, and is attributed to the mind.

41
Q

What does inference to best explanation arguments rely on

A

The scientific method; Generates and tests hypotheses

42
Q

What do inference to best explanation arguments argue

A

If the best explanation for a given behavior is that the individual has a mind, then individuals of a species that exhibit this behavior are likely to have minds

43
Q

What is important in inference to best explanation arguments

A

To think about what hypotheses we are testing ours against. Think of non-mind explanations and test to see if this alternative solution is the cause.

44
Q

What is the general basis of direct perception arguments

A

Animal minds are obvious. We dont need to prove them because we can directly perceive them. Basically, “just look at them, they definitely have minds”

45
Q

What do direct perception arguments believe

A

We have a detector (like other senses) for perceiving if a creature has a mind. If we ignore what that detector tells us and revert to having to prove it from scratch, we are missing the point

46
Q

What is the nature of direct perception arguments

A

Non-inferential

47
Q

Which historical figure relied on direct perception arguments

A

Hume

48
Q

What two ideas did Charles Darwin come up with (direct quotes)

A

“There is no fundamental difference between man and the higher mammals in their mental faculties”
“Difference in mind between man and the higher animals is one of degree, not of a kind”

49
Q

What type of evidence did Charles Darwin rely heavily on

A

Anecdotal evidence

50
Q

What idea was Darwin’s argument based on

A

Evolutionary continuity

51
Q

Explain the idea of evolutionary continuity

A

We differ in the extent to which we express certain features, like mind

52
Q

What did George Romanes observe?

A

He trapped an ant, another ant saw and grabbed his ant friends for help

53
Q

What did George Romanes believe

A

Ant behavior was a demonstration of having a mind

54
Q

What argument was George Romanes’ belief based on

A

Argument from analogy

55
Q

What is anthropomorphism

A

Interpreting things in an overly human form. Attribute human-like thought and feeling to non-human entities

56
Q

What was Lloyd Morgan’s Canon?

A

We cant interpret an action as being evidence for having a human-like mind if it can be interpreted as a lower psychological mechanism

57
Q

What does Lloyd Morgan’s Canon suggest?

A

We have to start with simple solutions rather than assuming all behavior can be attributed to mind

58
Q

What happened with Clever Hand?

A

A horse in the 1900s was thought to exhibit the ability to do math problems. He thumped his food in response to questions, but the trianer was accidentally giving him physical cues that suggested the answer

59
Q

What does behaviorism believe

A

The most important factor in behavior is experience

60
Q

Who was a large supporter of behaviorism and in what time period was this

A

John Watson (1878-1958)

61
Q

What was John Watson’s argument on behaviorism

A

If given a dozen healthy infants and his specified world to bring them up in, he could take any one at random and train them to be successful in any type of career. This is independent of talent, penchant, tendency, ability, vocation, and race.

62
Q

What is the thought process behing behaviorism

A

Unobservable mental constructs have no place in psychology. Focus must be on observable and quantifiable behavior

63
Q

What are unobservable mental constructs

A

Thought, mind, feelings, consciousness

64
Q

What was John Watson’s argument on the philosophy of behaviorism

A

Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection cannot necessarily be linked to behavior. A behaviorist recognizes no dividing line between man and animal in his efforts to get data on animal response.

65
Q

What is the overarching theme of behaviorism

A

The internal, mental world is irrelevant

66
Q

Who believed in the “Law of Effects” and what year was this

A

Thorndike (1898)

67
Q

Explain Thorndike’s “Law of Effects”

A

Responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in the same situation. Responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that same situation

68
Q

What modern day concept is Thorndike’s “Law of Effects” in line with?

A

Classical conditioning

69
Q

Who focused on operant conditioning and instrumental learning during the rise of behaviorism, and during what years?

A

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

70
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Instrumental conditioning

71
Q

What did Skinner use to show operant conditioning

A

The Skinner Box

72
Q

What was the skinner box?

A
73
Q

What two studies contradicted Behaviorism and during what time periods

A

Maze learning in rats (Tolman, 1948)
Song Learning in Sparrows (marier and Peters, 1989… revisited by Ln Shettleworth, 2010)

74
Q

Explain maze learning in rats

A
75
Q

Explain Song learning in sparrows

A

Isolated song sparrow chicks and swamp sparrow chicks. THey were both exposed to playback of songs of both sparrow species. Both species were more likely to learn the song of their own species

76
Q

What would the behaviorist hypothesis of song learning in sparrows be

A

Behaviorist would predict that they should both learn whatever song they’re exposed to

77
Q

What is the main takeaway from song learning in sparrows

A

Cognition is an adaptation to process certain types of information relevant to the animal. It is not a general purpose info-processing mechanism

78
Q

What was the cognitive revolution

A

A period of time beginning in the 1950’s and 1960’s which overtook behaviorism as the dominant paradigm in psychology in the 1970’s

79
Q

What is the cognitive revolution based on

A

Cognitive science

80
Q

What type of experiments were performed during the cognitive revolution

A

Experiments in human psychology that stimulated similar experiments with animals

81
Q

What does the cognitive revolution/cognitive science emphasize (4 things)

A

The mind is not a blank slate
The mind is not a black box
The mind is not a general purpose-association device
The mind should be treated like an information processor, with many interacting parts. We should be interested in how these parts process info and fit together

82
Q

What are the two components from modern biology that influence cognitive science

A

Genetics
Behavioral Ecology and Tinbergen;s Ethology

83
Q

How does genetics fit into animal cognitive science

A

Cognition is heritable and hence subject to evolution by natural selection

84
Q

How do Behavioral Ecology and Tinbergen’s Ethology fit into animal cognitive science

A

They stress the importance of considering behavior and cognition as situated in an animal’s natural environment.
Tinbergen’s 4 questions provide a holistic understanding

85
Q

What were Niko Tinbergen’s “4 questions” for studying animal behavior and cognition

A

Proximate
1. Mechanism
2. Ontogeny (development)
Ultimate
3. Adaptation
4. Phylogeny

Animal Minds (17 decks)

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