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Animal Minds > Physical Cognition > Flashcards

Physical Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

What are 6 physical principles that animals can make use of (and how)

A

Solid, hard objects- offers protection
Gravity- pulls objects down
Heavy loads- breaks things
Friction- things glide slower
Solid, dense objects- sink in water
Sinking objects- displace water

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2
Q

What is folk physics

A

Spontaneous, untrained, intuitive understanding of how the world works

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3
Q

What does folk physics relate to

A

things we can sense/infer from senses

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4
Q

What is folk physics NOT based on

A

scientific study and mathematical principles

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5
Q

How does folk physics relate to this class

A

Animals expect objects in the world to behave in certain ways

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6
Q

What is object permanence

A

Animals expect objects to continue to exist when out of sight

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7
Q

Why is object permanence important

A

Tracking food, predators, conspecifics

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8
Q

Object permanence in humans ages up to 7-8 months

A

Dont look for object that disappears behind a barrier

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9
Q

Object permanence in humans ages 8-12 months and what is this called

A

Look for hidden objects in a location if they’ve gotten an object from there. They wont look in a separate location, even if they saw the researcher move the object there.

A not B error

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10
Q

Object permanence in humans ages 12-18 months

A

Look for objects in the last place they saw it disappear. Cant track invisible displacements such as the trajectory of a hidden/covered objects

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11
Q

Object permanence in humans ages 18 months+

A

Can track invisible displacements

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12
Q

How is object permanence tested in animals

A

Similar to how its tested with humans

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13
Q

Describe object permanence development among species

A

Similar sequence of stages, but they go through them at different speeds

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14
Q

What is invisible displacement

A

You see an object (ex: apple) inside another object (ex: cup), put both behind a barrier, then take the apple out behind the barrier and remove the cup. Where did the apple go?

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15
Q

How is invisible displacement tested in dogs/human children?

A

Experimenter has cup with a treat inside and visits 3 screens in a sequence
Condition 1: At each screen, either conspicuously leave treat behind screen, or put back in cup and continue walking (visible displacement)
Condition 2: Do not reveal what happens behind each screen and cup is empty at the end

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16
Q

What were the condition 1 results of the invisible displacement experiment

A

Dogs and kids search behind correct screen

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17
Q

What were the condition 2 results of the invisible displacement experiment in children

A

Kid increase speed of approach to third screen after they visited and ruled out the first to

Certainty of treat location increases based on negative evidence from other locations

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18
Q

What were the condition 2 results of the invisible displacement experiment in dogs

A

Dogs decrease the speed of approach to the third screen

They dont use negative evidence from other locations

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19
Q

What five species is object permanence demonstrated in?

A

Gorillas, chimpanzees, monkeys, jays, dogs

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20
Q

Which type of animal can perform invisible displacement?

A

Primates

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21
Q

What species have object permanence when logic/reasoning is needed to deduce an objects location when multiple possibilities exists (following ambiguous invisible displacement

A

Only humans

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22
Q

What is the Flombaum et al quote that describes spatiotemporal continuity

A

Perception of an object as the same enduring individual across time and motion

23
Q

What is an example of spatiotemporal continuity

A

tunnel effect

24
Q

Describe the tunnel effect

A

If object re-emerges at the time and place expected by its motion before the occlusion, it is perceived as a single object even if it changes appearence

If it re-emerges after a delay, it is perceived as two different objects

25
Q

What is one animal that has the tunnel effect

A

Rhesus monkeys

26
Q

How was the tunnel effect tested in rhesus monkeys

A

Condition 1: Lemon rolls down to occluder (barrier) 1, kiwi immediately rolls out of occluder 1 and into occluder 2

Condition 2: Kiwi takes a 3 second delay to roll out of occluder 1

Monkeys were allowed to search behind occluder 1 and 2 after observing the events

27
Q

What were the results of the tunnel effect experiments

A

In condition 1, most monkeys searched only behind occluder 2

They searched behind both occluders in condition 2

28
Q

What do the results of the tunnel effect experiments mean

A

Lemon can transform itself into kiwi fruit, but only if spatiotemporally continuous motion is present

29
Q

How does gravity impact an animal/child’s expectations

A

Animals and children have a strong gravity bias in various tasks involving vertical displacement

30
Q

What do animals expect will happen when an object falls

A

Animals expect that objects without support will fall in a straight line

31
Q

What are two findings in terms of gravitational object displacement

A

Monkeys and kids will search for in a box under an object, even if there is a table in the way

Monkeys, kids, and dogs search in a container directly under the drop off point even if the tube the object was dropped from leads to a different container

32
Q

Does lowering the number of options help with gravity object displacement help?

A

No

33
Q

Why lowering the number of options help with gravity object displacement not help and how was this observed?

A

Monkeys and kids search equally between the both box options bc they dont understand the effect of the tube

34
Q

What are the expectations about support in chimpanzees

A

Chimps expect an object cant be stable in mid air without support, but needs to rest against a platform with adequate support

They dont care if object is on top of the platform vs against the side of the platform

35
Q

What is the support problem and how to chimpanzees perceive it

A

An out of reach object resting on a cloth can be obtained by pulling the cloth

Chimps dont immediately discriminate between correct and incorrect arrangement

36
Q

What What can how animals solve physical problems tell us about?

A

Their understanding and reasoning about the world, as well as their abiloty to innovate and their general cognition and behavioral flexibility

37
Q

What can innovation affect

A

Species ecology and evolution

38
Q

What is innovation sensu product

A

An innovation is a new modified learned behavior not previously found in the population

39
Q

What is innovation sensu process

A

Innovation is a process that results in new or modified learned behavior and that introduces novel beharioral variants into a population’s repertoire

40
Q

What are the 7 cognitive processes that support innovation

A

Novelty responses (neophobia/neophilia)
Exploration
Individual learning (urually trial and error)
Insight
Creativity
Behavioral flexibility
Social processes (tolerance, cooperation, etc)

41
Q

Describe Wolfgang Kohlers “out of reach banana” experiments

A

A banana was hung from the ceiling and chimps has to use available objects to reach it

They stacked boxes for height to gain access to bananas

42
Q

What are the implications of the “out of reach” experiment

A

Chimps reflected on the problem and produced the full-blown solution of stacking boxes rather than relying on trial by error. A case of insight?

43
Q

Describe the study of “Aesop’s fable paradigm”

A

Subjects must drop stones into water to raise the water level, then obtain a floating out of reach reward

Various conditions such as:
Water vs sant
Sinking objects vs floating objects
Solid vs hollow objects
Wide vs narrow tubes
High vs low water level
Counterintuitibe “u tube:”

44
Q

What did subjects succeed on in the Aesops fable experiment

A

Succeeded on:
Water vs sand
Sinking vs floating
Solid vs hollow
High vs low water

45
Q

What did subjects not succeed on in the Aesops fable experiment

A

Wide vs narrow tube
Counterintuitive “u tube”

46
Q

Who performed an experiment on inferential reasoning about objects with apes

A

Call

47
Q

What was Call’s experiment 1

A

Food hidden inside one of two containers

Experiment 1: Given clues abt which container has food in three conditions

Visual c: experimenter opened both containers and showed content

Auditory c: Experimenter shakes both containers

Control: no info given

48
Q

What was Call’s experiment 2

A

Experiment 2: Only partial info given in some conditions

Both: Show/shake both containers
Baited: Show/shale only container with food
Empty: show/shake only empty container
Control: No info given

49
Q

What were Call’s results on experiment 1

A

All did well on visual cues
Other than orangutans, some species from each species could solve the auditory task
None solved the control condition (as expected)

50
Q

What were Call’s results on experiment 2?

A

Did well on all conditions (but worst was auditory/empty condition)
None solved control experiment (as expected)

51
Q

Do good physical problem solvers have bigger brains?

A

From 800 bird species, foraging innovations (especially the diversity of innovations rather than just overall number) correlate with brain size

52
Q

What two aspects are specific to urban birds

A

Larger relative brain size
Better problem solvers

53
Q
A

Animal Minds (17 decks)

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