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Animal Minds > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three things you need sensation to do

A

Find food
Detect predators
Find suitable mates

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1
Q

What are the three things you need to perform actions to do

A

Obtain food
Escape from predators
Attract suitable mates

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2
Q

What is innate behavior

A

Sensory input leads to a fixed action pattern/motor program

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3
Q

What is learning behavior

A

Sensory input leads to changing actions

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4
Q

Explain innate behavior in a second way

A

A behavior that once triggered will progress in a specific manner

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5
Q

Are innate behaviors modifiable?

A

No

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6
Q

What are stimuli/sensory inputs that trigger innate behaviors called?

A

Releasers or sign stimuli

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7
Q

What are two animals that practice innate behavior?

A

Male stickleback and Graylag goose

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8
Q

Describe the male stickleback’s mating behavior

A

During mating season, their ventrum turns red and they establish a territory to build a nest. Once a female spots a male near a nest, she follows any red object into the nest and lays eggs. Males attack any crude model with a red bottom

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9
Q

What is the releaser in the situation of the stickleback mating

A

A red object

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10
Q

What is the fixed action pattern in the situation of the stickleback

A

The male attacking a crude model with a red bottom

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11
Q

Describe the graylag goose’s innate behavior

A

If an egg becomes displaced from the nest, the goose rolls it back with its beak. It will continue even if the egg is removed and replaced with an egg shaped object

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12
Q

What is the releaser in the situation of the graylag goose

A

Egg shaped objects

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13
Q

What are supernormal stimuli

A

Objects with extreme and unnatural features that release an innate behavior

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14
Q

What features are preferred in animals (in the context of supernormal simuli)

A

More extreme features

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15
Q

What is code breaking

A

The term used to describe the duplication of another species’ releasing mechanisms. Usually dont by other species in order to take advantage of the fixed action patterns of the other species.

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16
Q

What three questions should be asked about any learning phenomenon?

A

What conditions bring about learning?
What is the content that is learned?
How does learning change behavior?

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17
Q

What are two other terms for classical conditioning

A

Pavlovian or respondent conditioning

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18
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

A learning procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus is paired with a previously neutral stimulus

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19
Q

What is the result of classical conditioning

A

Behavioral changes made by building a predictive relationship between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

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20
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

Releasers that cause unconditioned response

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21
Q

What is an unconditioned response (UR)

A

Fixed action patter in response to US

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22
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

A secondary stimulus which creates a response conditioned on learning

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23
Q

What is a conditioned response (CR)

A

Response when presented with CS

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24
Q

What is an example of classical conditioning in leopard frogs

A

They blink in response to a touch to the eye but not a light touch on the nostril. After several pairings of a nostril touch followed by an eye touch, the frogs blink to the light touch on the nostril

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25
Q

What is an example of classical conditioning in lemon sharks

A

They have learned to blink to a light that heralds a mild electric shock close to the eye. The shock causes them to blink, and after a little training they blink to the light

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26
Q

What are the two conditions for classical conditioning

A

Contiguity and contingency

27
Q

Describe contiguity in classical conditioning

A

CS and US have to be close together in time in space

28
Q

What does the time frame for classical conditioning depend on

A

The task and the species

29
Q

Describe contingency in classical conditioning

A

There must be a regular predictive relationship between the CS and US (US consistenly follows CS)

30
Q

Who shoed that contingency, not just contiguity forms the basis of learning

A

Rescorla (1969)

31
Q

How did Rescorla show that contingency, not just contiguity forms the basis of learning

A
32
Q

What is blocking

A

Prior associations can block a second association between stimulus and outcome

33
Q

Who proved blocking

A

Kamin (1968)

34
Q

How did Kamin prove blocking

A
35
Q

What is overshadowing

A

Reduced associative strength when individual stimulus is presented after learning on compound stimulus… the individual stimulus is overshadowed by a more relevant or salient stimulus

36
Q

What causes extinction in classical conditioning

A

Removing US pairing with CS

37
Q

What is the Rescorla Wagner Model

A

Mathematical description of predicted associative strength (conditioning between stimulus and US)

38
Q

Describe the Rescorla Wagner Model

A
39
Q

Describe temporal difference learning

A

Animals can learn to associate cues that are temporally separated in a transitive manner.

40
Q

What can temporal difference learning be used for

A

Long term planning

41
Q

Give an example of temporal difference learning

A

Shine light and play music.
Play music and give treat.
Shine light, dog drools

42
Q

What is the thorndike law of effect

A

Responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation

43
Q

What does the thorndike law of effect describe

A

Operant conditioning

44
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

A type of associative learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment

45
Q

What is another term for operant conditioning

A

Instrumental conditioning

46
Q

What is one way testing operant conditioning is usually done in rats and similar animals

A

In an operant chamber where the rat receives food reward for performing appropriate reactions

47
Q

What is a second way testing operant conditioning is usually done in rats and similar animals

A

Mazes where the rat needs to explore and learn to go to a particular part of the maze to ger a reward

48
Q

What is positive/negative reinforcement in operant conditioning?

A

Taking action leads to increase/decrease in reward

49
Q

What is positive/negative punishment in operant conditioning

A

Taking action leads to increase/decrease in punishment

50
Q

What is shaping and what type of reinforcement is it

A

Increasing a targeted behavior through reinforcement in a process of successive approximation
Positive reinforcement

51
Q

What did Garcia and Koelling (1964) show

A

Association between Rats have biases in aversion learning

52
Q

What bias do rats have in aversion learning

A

Association between taste and following nausea can be learnt even if separated by hours. This is not true for light followed by shocks, as this association requires short separation

53
Q

What is an example of innately guided learning

A

Imprinting (form of innate bias)

54
Q

What is an animal that performs imprinting

A

Chicks

55
Q

How does imprinting work with chicks

A

They learn to recognize their mother hours after hatching and follow her outside ofthe nest. They imprint on the mother’s visual form, waddling motion, and voice.

56
Q

How long after hatching to chicks imprint best

A

16 hours

57
Q

What happens to chicks that do not imprint by 30 hours

A

They never imprint

58
Q

What happens once chicks imprint

A

They never change mothers

59
Q

What happens if a chick cannot imprint on its mother

A

it will imprint on another animal

60
Q

What happens if there is no animal around for a chick to imprint on

A

It will imprint on an inanimate object

61
Q

What are the neural correlates of learning

A
62
Q

What do animals need to act on to perform desired behavior

A

Their sensory obervations

63
Q

What does classical conditioning study

A

How stimulus-reward associations are learnt

64
Q

What does operant conditioning study

A

How action-reward associations are learnt

65
Q

What is the association between innate behavior and learned behavior

A

Innate behavior can interact with learned behavior to produce different actions

Animal Minds (17 decks)

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