Learning Flashcards

(66 cards)

1
Q

What are the three things you need sensation to do

A

Find food
Detect predators
Find suitable mates

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1
Q

What are the three things you need to perform actions to do

A

Obtain food
Escape from predators
Attract suitable mates

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2
Q

What is innate behavior

A

Sensory input leads to a fixed action pattern/motor program

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3
Q

What is learning behavior

A

Sensory input leads to changing actions

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4
Q

Explain innate behavior in a second way

A

A behavior that once triggered will progress in a specific manner

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5
Q

Are innate behaviors modifiable?

A

No

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6
Q

What are stimuli/sensory inputs that trigger innate behaviors called?

A

Releasers or sign stimuli

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7
Q

What are two animals that practice innate behavior?

A

Male stickleback and Graylag goose

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8
Q

Describe the male stickleback’s mating behavior

A

During mating season, their ventrum turns red and they establish a territory to build a nest. Once a female spots a male near a nest, she follows any red object into the nest and lays eggs. Males attack any crude model with a red bottom

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9
Q

What is the releaser in the situation of the stickleback mating

A

A red object

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10
Q

What is the fixed action pattern in the situation of the stickleback

A

The male attacking a crude model with a red bottom

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11
Q

Describe the graylag goose’s innate behavior

A

If an egg becomes displaced from the nest, the goose rolls it back with its beak. It will continue even if the egg is removed and replaced with an egg shaped object

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12
Q

What is the releaser in the situation of the graylag goose

A

Egg shaped objects

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13
Q

What are supernormal stimuli

A

Objects with extreme and unnatural features that release an innate behavior

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14
Q

What features are preferred in animals (in the context of supernormal simuli)

A

More extreme features

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15
Q

What is code breaking

A

The term used to describe the duplication of another species’ releasing mechanisms. Usually dont by other species in order to take advantage of the fixed action patterns of the other species.

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16
Q

What three questions should be asked about any learning phenomenon?

A

What conditions bring about learning?
What is the content that is learned?
How does learning change behavior?

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17
Q

What are two other terms for classical conditioning

A

Pavlovian or respondent conditioning

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18
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

A learning procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus is paired with a previously neutral stimulus

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19
Q

What is the result of classical conditioning

A

Behavioral changes made by building a predictive relationship between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

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20
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

Releasers that cause unconditioned response

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21
Q

What is an unconditioned response (UR)

A

Fixed action patter in response to US

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22
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

A secondary stimulus which creates a response conditioned on learning

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23
Q

What is a conditioned response (CR)

A

Response when presented with CS

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24
What is an example of classical conditioning in leopard frogs
They blink in response to a touch to the eye but not a light touch on the nostril. After several pairings of a nostril touch followed by an eye touch, the frogs blink to the light touch on the nostril
25
What is an example of classical conditioning in lemon sharks
They have learned to blink to a light that heralds a mild electric shock close to the eye. The shock causes them to blink, and after a little training they blink to the light
26
What are the two conditions for classical conditioning
Contiguity and contingency
27
Describe contiguity in classical conditioning
CS and US have to be close together in time in space
28
What does the time frame for classical conditioning depend on
The task and the species
29
Describe contingency in classical conditioning
There must be a regular predictive relationship between the CS and US (US consistenly follows CS)
30
Who shoed that contingency, not just contiguity forms the basis of learning
Rescorla (1969)
31
How did Rescorla show that contingency, not just contiguity forms the basis of learning
32
What is blocking
Prior associations can block a second association between stimulus and outcome
33
Who proved blocking
Kamin (1968)
34
How did Kamin prove blocking
35
What is overshadowing
Reduced associative strength when individual stimulus is presented after learning on compound stimulus... the individual stimulus is overshadowed by a more relevant or salient stimulus
36
What causes extinction in classical conditioning
Removing US pairing with CS
37
What is the Rescorla Wagner Model
Mathematical description of predicted associative strength (conditioning between stimulus and US)
38
Describe the Rescorla Wagner Model
39
Describe temporal difference learning
Animals can learn to associate cues that are temporally separated in a transitive manner.
40
What can temporal difference learning be used for
Long term planning
41
Give an example of temporal difference learning
Shine light and play music. Play music and give treat. Shine light, dog drools
42
What is the thorndike law of effect
Responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation
43
What does the thorndike law of effect describe
Operant conditioning
44
What is operant conditioning
A type of associative learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment
45
What is another term for operant conditioning
Instrumental conditioning
46
What is one way testing operant conditioning is usually done in rats and similar animals
In an operant chamber where the rat receives food reward for performing appropriate reactions
47
What is a second way testing operant conditioning is usually done in rats and similar animals
Mazes where the rat needs to explore and learn to go to a particular part of the maze to ger a reward
48
What is positive/negative reinforcement in operant conditioning?
Taking action leads to increase/decrease in reward
49
What is positive/negative punishment in operant conditioning
Taking action leads to increase/decrease in punishment
50
What is shaping and what type of reinforcement is it
Increasing a targeted behavior through reinforcement in a process of successive approximation Positive reinforcement
51
What did Garcia and Koelling (1964) show
Association between Rats have biases in aversion learning
52
What bias do rats have in aversion learning
Association between taste and following nausea can be learnt even if separated by hours. This is not true for light followed by shocks, as this association requires short separation
53
What is an example of innately guided learning
Imprinting (form of innate bias)
54
What is an animal that performs imprinting
Chicks
55
How does imprinting work with chicks
They learn to recognize their mother hours after hatching and follow her outside ofthe nest. They imprint on the mother's visual form, waddling motion, and voice.
56
How long after hatching to chicks imprint best
16 hours
57
What happens to chicks that do not imprint by 30 hours
They never imprint
58
What happens once chicks imprint
They never change mothers
59
What happens if a chick cannot imprint on its mother
it will imprint on another animal
60
What happens if there is no animal around for a chick to imprint on
It will imprint on an inanimate object
61
What are the neural correlates of learning
62
What do animals need to act on to perform desired behavior
Their sensory obervations
63
What does classical conditioning study
How stimulus-reward associations are learnt
64
What does operant conditioning study
How action-reward associations are learnt
65
What is the association between innate behavior and learned behavior
Innate behavior can interact with learned behavior to produce different actions