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Anatomy > sensory system > Flashcards

sensory system Flashcards

1
Q

located in the retinal

• Accessory structures

A

Vsion Receptors

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2
Q

protect eye

A

Eyebrows and eyelids

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3
Q

mucus membrane on eyelid prevents eye

from drying out (palpebral and ocular portions)

A

Conjunctiva

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4
Q

skeletal muscles that move eyeball

controlled by oculomotor, trochlear, abducens nerve

A

Extrinsic eye muscles

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5
Q

is located in orbit above
lateral end of eye and secretes lacrimal secretion (tears), a
dilute saline solution containing mucus, antibodies, and
antibacterial lysozyme

A

Lacrimal Gland

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6
Q

Four rectus muscles

A

• Superior, inferior, lateral, and medial rectus

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7
Q

Two oblique muscles

A

Superior and inferior oblique muscles

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8
Q

innervates 4 muscles: superior, medial and

inferior rectus, inferior oblique

A

Oculomotor

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9
Q

one muscle: lateral rectus

A

Abducens

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10
Q

one muscle : superior oblique

A

Trochlear

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11
Q

inflammation of the conjunctiva

resulting in reddened, irritated eyes

A

Conjunctivitis

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12
Q

conjunctival infection caused by bacteria or
viruses
•Highly contagious

A

Pinkeye

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13
Q

tissue layers making up eye

  1. Fibrous
  2. Vascular
  3. Sensory (retina)
A

Tunics

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14
Q

Outermost layer made of dense, avascular connective tissue

A

FIBROUS TUNIC

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15
Q
  • “white of the eye”

* Protects, shapes eyeball; anchors extrinsic eye muscles

A

Sclera

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16
Q

• Transparent anterior portion that allows light to enter

A

Cornea

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17
Q

Highly vascular, pigmented posterior portion

• Pigments absorb light preventing reflection

A

Choroid

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18
Q

Contains ciliary muscles which control
lens shape
• Also secretes aqueous humor

A

Ciliary body

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19
Q

anterior portion that is visible colored portion of
eye
• Regulates amount of light entering eye by
controlling size of pupil

A

Iris

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20
Q

hole in iris where light enters retina

A

Pupil

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21
Q

inner circular muscles that contract and pupillary constrict

A

Sphincter pupillae

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22
Q

outer radial muscles; upon contraction they stimulate pupillary dilation.

A

Dilator pupillae

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23
Q

The iris has 2 layers of muscles

A

Sphincter pupillae & Dilator pupillae

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24
Q

where transduction of light to graded potentials occurs
•_____ = respond to dim light, abundant on edges (peripheral vision)
• ____ = respond to bright light (color vision), highest acuity (sharpness), highest resolution (detailed)

A

Photoreceptor cells
(Rods)
(Cones)

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25
Q

receive graded potential and carries it to ganglion cells

A

Bipolar cells

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26
Q

generates AP

A

Ganglion cells (becomes optic nerve)

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27
Q

where optic nerve exits eye (blind spot lacks photoreceptors)

A

Optic disc

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28
Q

area of visual acuity; contains only cones

A

Fovea Centralis

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29
Q

Biconvex structure that can change shape to
focus light on retina
Divides eye into anterior and posterior
chambers/segments

A

LENS

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30
Q

Anterior chamber filled with _______ =
nourishes lens and cornea (replenished through life)
produced by the ciliary body

Posterior chamber contains ______ = holds
retina in place and is not replenished

A

aqueous humor, vitreous humor

31
Q

condition in which drainage of aqueous humor is
blocked, causing fluid to back up and increase pressure
within eye
• Pressures may increase to dangerous levels and compress
retina and optic nerve, leading to blindness
• Symptoms: few early signs, but late signs include seeing
halos around lights and blurred vision

A

Glaucoma:

32
Q

Through____:
• Cornea refracts (bends) most light
• Aqueous humor continues to refraction to:
• Lens
• also refracts light
• Light passes through vitreous humor to posterior retina
to photoreceptors

A

eye

33
Q

Through___:
• Light changes chemicals in photopigments in rods and
cones (photoreceptors) which generate graded
potential
• Impulse travels to bipolar cells to ganglion cells =
generate action potential
• Ganglion cells become optic nerve
• Optic nerve fibers from medial aspect of eye crosses at
optic chiasm
• Impulses carried on optic nerve to thalamus then to
visual center in occipital lobe

A

retina

34
Q

(nearsightedness)
• Eyeball is too long, so focal point is in front of retina
• Corrected with a concave lens

A

Myopia

35
Q

(farsightedness)
• Eyeball is too short, so focal point is behind retina
• Corrected with a convex lens

A

Hyperopia

36
Q

• Unequal curvatures in different parts of cornea or lens
• Corrected with cylindrically ground lenses or laser
procedures

A

Astigmatism

37
Q

lack of one or more cone pigments

A

Color blindness:

38
Q

complementary
senses that let us know whether a substance should be
savored or avoided

A

Smell (olfaction) and taste (gustation):

39
Q

are used by these systems
• Chemicals must be dissolved in aqueous solution to be
picked up by chemoreceptors ( Smell & taste)

A

Chemoreceptors

40
Q

•Located in in roof of nasal cavity
•Contains olfactory sensory neurons (bipolar
neurons)

A

Olfactory epithelium

41
Q

covered by mucus (solvent for odorants)

A

Olfactory neurons

42
Q

Olfactory neurons, unlike other neurons, have stem cells that
give rise to new neurons every

A

30–60 days

43
Q

Olfactory receptors extend through _________ in

ethmoid bone into nasal cavity

A

olfactory foramina

44
Q

Olfactory nerves carry impulse to olfactory bulb to _______

A

olfactory

tracts

45
Q

Impulse travels on ______________ sharing it with the limbic system,
hypothalamus

A

olfactory tracts to olfactory area in

temporal lobe

46
Q

Taste buds contain gustatory cells that act as the

receptor

A

Gustation

47
Q

What are the molecules dissolved in water and contact

taste bud to generate action potential

A

Tastants

48
Q

anterior 2/3 of tongue

A

facial

49
Q

posterior 1/3

A

Glossopharyngeal

50
Q

lower pharynx and epiglottis

A

Vagus

51
Q

Lose 80% of taste if olfactory receptors

blocked

A

PHYSIOLOGY OF TASTE

52
Q

composed of pinna, external auditory

canal, tympanic membrane

A

Outer ear

53
Q

air-filled chamber inside temporal
bone that contains ossicles and eustachian tube,
and oval membrane

A

Middle ear

54
Q

fluid-filled chamber that contains
receptors for hearing (cochlea) and balance
(semicircular canals and vestibule)

A

Inner ear

55
Q

Auricle)
• outer elastic cartilage structure that directs sound waves
into external auditory canal

A

Pinna

56
Q
  • directs sound waves to tympanic membrane

* contains cerumen (ear wax) to trap foreign substances

A

External auditory canal (acoustic meatus)

57
Q

sound waves make membrane vibrate converting sounds

waves to mechanical energy

A

Tympanic membrane

58
Q

(bones) of middle ear; transmit vibrations

from tympanic membrane to oval window

A

Ossicles

59
Q

attached to eardrum

A

Malleus

60
Q

middle bone

A

Incus

61
Q

attached to oval window of vestibule

A

Stapes

62
Q
  • Links middle ear with nasopharynx

* Equalizes pressure between atmosphere and middle ear

A

Eustachian tube (Pharyngotympanic)

63
Q

Both the semicircular canals and the cochlea contain

A

mechanoreceptors

64
Q

egg shaped bony cavity that connects
with semicircular canals and cochlea
• Contains receptors for ______

A

Vestibule

static equilibrium

65
Q

=3 canals positioned in 3

planes of space• Contains receptors for _______

A

Semicircular canal

dynamic equilibrium

66
Q

Spiral conical chamber containing the
organ of Corti (spiral organ) = receptor organ for
hearing. Ends at the round window.

A

Cochlea

67
Q

Sound enters

A

external auditory canal

68
Q

Sound waves strike______ = cause it to

vibrate

A

tympanic membrane

69
Q

Vibrations transferred from membrane to _______ on vestibule

A

ossicles to oval

window

70
Q

Vibrations create _____ in cochlea which __________ vibrations get
absorbed by the round window.

A

fluid waves
stimulates
hair cells (receptors) in organ of Corti;

71
Q

AP generated in organ of Corti transmitted to ____

nerve (branch of vestibulocochlear)

A

cochlear

72
Q

activates reflexes in body and

extrinsic eye muscles

A

Brainstem

73
Q

coordinate skeletal muscle

activity, maintain balance

A

Cerebellum

74
Q

Result of damage to structures which conduct sound

wave (tympanic membrane, degeneration of ossicles)

A

Conduction deafness

Anatomy (11 decks)

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