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Anatomy > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The parts of Brains Regions are

A

Cerebrum - cerebral
hemispheres

Diencephalon –
hypothalamus,
thalamus, epithalamus

Brainstem

Cerebellum

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2
Q

What Consists of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata Spinal cord continuous with medulla oblongata?

A

Brainstem

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3
Q

What? elevated ridges of tissue
• _____ – motor area
• _____ – somatosensory area

A

Gyrus
Precentral gyrus
Postcentral gyrus

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4
Q

What shallow groove separating gyrus
• ______– separates frontal from parietal lobe
• Lateral sulcus – separates temporal lobe from parietal and
frontal

A

Sulcus

Central sulcus

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5
Q

deep grooves separating brain regions
• _____ – separates hemispheres
• _______ – separates cerebrum from cerebellum

A

Fissures

Longitudinal
Transverse

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6
Q

What Divided into 2 halves

A

cerebral hemispheres

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7
Q

What Divided into 2 halves

A

cerebral hemispheres

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8
Q

The cerebral hemispheres composed of 3 layers

A

1.Cerebral cortex - outer layer of gray matter associated with consciousness
(voluntary behavior)
2. Cerebral white matter – communication between cerebral areas and
cortex to lower CNS centers
• Ex. Corpus callosum connects 2 hemispheres integrating information
3. Basal Nuclei (ganglia) -Core of gray matter that controls subconscious
contractions of skeletal muscle

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9
Q

outer layer of gray matter associated with consciousness

voluntary behavior

A

Cerebral cortex

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10
Q

communication between cerebral areas and

cortex to lower CNS centers

A

Cerebral white matter

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10
Q

communication between cerebral areas and

cortex to lower CNS centers

A

Cerebral white matter

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11
Q

-Core of gray matter that controls subconscious

contractions of skeletal muscle

A

Basal Nuclei (ganglia)

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11
Q

-Core of gray matter that controls subconscious

contractions of skeletal muscle

A

Basal Nuclei (ganglia)

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12
Q

The Brain Anatomically divided into 4 major lobes – ________________ covered by parts of the
temporal, frontal and parietal lobes

A

frontal, parietal,

occipital, temporal and the insula

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13
Q

The Brain Anatomically divided into 4 major lobes – ________________ covered by parts of the
temporal, frontal and parietal lobes

A

frontal, parietal,

occipital, temporal and the insula

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14
Q

Controls voluntary movement

& located in posterior part of frontal lobe

A

Motor Area

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14
Q

Controls voluntary movement

& located in posterior part of frontal lobe

A

Motor Area

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15
Q

Receive sensory information
& Involved in perception – conscious awareness
of a sensation

A

Sensory area

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15
Q

Receive sensory information
& Involved in perception – conscious awareness
of a sensation

A

Sensory area

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16
Q

Located in precentral gyrus of frontal lobe

& Controls skeletal muscle movement

A

Primary motor cortex

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17
Q

Located in inferior/lateral area of frontal lobe
.Controls muscles of tongue, throat and lips to form
words
• Most people – on left side

A

Broca’s area (motor speech area)

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18
Q

• Receives sensory information from skin and skeletal muscles
and identifies part of body being stimulated – called spatial
discrimination
• Integrates and analyzes different sensory inputs and evaluates
what is being felt
• Receives information on joint and muscle position –
Proprioception

A

Primary somatosensory area - in postcentral gyrus of parietal
lobe

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19
Q
  • Receives impulses for taste

* Involved in gustatory (taste) perception

A

Gustatory cortex – located at base of precentral gyrus on the
insula lobe

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20
Q

posterior occipital lobe
• Receives visual information from retinas
• Interprets and evaluates visual stimuli

A

Visual area

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21
Q

superior temporal lobe
. Auditory stimuli from cochlea evaluated for pitch, rhythm,
loudness
• Identifies sound

A

Auditory area

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22
Q

superior temporal lobe
. Auditory stimuli from cochlea evaluated for pitch, rhythm,
loudness
• Identifies sound

A

Auditory area

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23
Q

medial aspect of temporal lobe

• Conscious awareness of odors

A

Olfactory cortex

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24
Q

DIENCEPHALON

A

Extends from brainstem to cerebrum
• Surrounds 3rd ventricle
• Includes thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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25
Q

Bilateral masses of gray matter in center of brain
• Functions include:
• Relay station for all sensory impulses and relayed to
appropriate area
• Transmits motor information from cerebellum to primary
motor area

A

THALAMUS

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26
Q

Superior to the thalamus, extends posteriorly superior to
the cerebellum as the Pineal Gland.
The Pineal Gland induces sleep when it becomes dark thus
it plays a role in regulating circadian rhythms.

A

EPITHALAMUS

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27
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS

A

Inferior to thalamus

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28
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS Functions include:

A

. Control of autonomic nervous system to regulate homeostasis
• Initiates physical response to emotions – increased heart rate, etc.
when scared
• Regulates body temperature
• Regulates food and water intake
• Regulates sleep-wake cycle
• Controls endocrine function by producing hormones that act on
pituitary gland

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29
Q

BRAINSTEM

Three sections:

A

• Midbrain – inferior to diencephalon
• Pons – superior to medulla, anterior to cerebellum
• Medulla oblongata – most inferior part that is
continuous inferiorly with spinal cord

30
Q

• Midbrain – inferior to diencephalon
• Pons – superior to medulla, anterior to cerebellum
• Medulla oblongata – most inferior part that is
continuous inferiorly with spinal cord

A

MIDBRAIN

31
Q

regulates normal rhythm of
breathing; Aids the medulla oblongata with controlling
respiratory functions

A

Pneumotaxic center (PONS)

32
Q

Hypothalamus relays instructions through medulla for visceral
function

Controls reflexes for vomiting, sneezing, swallowing,
hiccups, etc. (autonomic reflexes

A

MEDULLA OBLONGATA

33
Q

regulates heart beat and blood

pressure

A

Cardiovascular center

34
Q

generates respiratory rate

A

Respiratory center

35
Q

Located posterior to pons and medulla, inferior to
occipital lobe
• Contains inner layer of white matter tracts called arbor
vitae – white matter tracts and fibers within the
cerebellum

A

CEREBELLUM

36
Q

CEREBELLUM Functions:

A

• Provide smooth coordinated movements of skeletal
muscles
• Regulates posture and balance

37
Q

• encircles midbrain and corpus callosum
• Center for emotions (pain or pleasure centers),
memory and olfaction

A

Limbic system

38
Q

Located throughout brainstem
• Contains the RAS which maintain consciousness, active
during awakening
• Filters out repetitive stimuli

A

Reticular formation

39
Q

. Meninges – 3 connective tissue membranes that cover
and protect CNS
• Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) – liquid cushion for CNS
• Blood Brain Barrier - maintains stable environment of
brain

A

PROTECTION OF BRAIN

40
Q

3 connective tissue membranes that cover

and protect CNS

A

Meninges

41
Q

liquid cushion for CNS

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

42
Q

maintains stable environment of

brain

A

Blood Brain Barrier

43
Q

Define MENINGES

A

Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, pia mater.

44
Q

ough double-layered outer membrane
• Outer layer connects to crista galli of ethmoid
• head trauma can cause bleed into Subdural space (between dura and arachnoid mater

A

Dura mater

45
Q

spidery middle layer

• Subarachnoid space – filled with CSF

A

Arachnoid mater

46
Q

“gentle mother”
• attached directly to brain
• Highly vascular

A

Pia mater

47
Q

Colorless fluid surrounding brain and spinal cord
Contains water, glucose, albumin, gases (oxygen and
carbon dioxide) and metabolic wastes (urea, creatine)

A

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)

48
Q

• No red blood cells or platelets, some white blood cells
(lymphocytes and monocytes)
• Provides buoyancy to reduce brain weight

A

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)

49
Q

• Cushions and nourishes nervous tissue
• Produced by choroid plexus that hang from roof of
ventricles (cavities in brain)

A

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)

50
Q

Brain capillaries impermeable to most substances due to the

presence of astrocytes.

A

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER

51
Q

Control chemical environment around neurons
• allows nutrients (glucose, amino acids)
• Lipid soluble substances can also enter – oxygen, carbon
dioxide, fats, alcohol, nicotine, anesthetics

A

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER

52
Q

GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF SPINAL

CORD

A
  • Provides two way conduction pathway to and from brain
  • Initiates complex patterns of motor activities like walking
  • Major reflex center
53
Q

GROSS ANATOMY

A

Vertebrae – bone surrounding spinal cord

• Meninges – connective tissue coverings that protect
spinal cord

• Spinal cord – nervous tissue

54
Q

bone surrounding spinal cord

A

Vertebrae

55
Q

connective tissue coverings that protect

spinal cord

A

Meninges

56
Q

nervous tissue

A

Spinal cord

57
Q
  • Surround and protect spinal cord

* 31 pairs of spinal nerves exit via intervertebral foramen

A

VERTEBRAE

58
Q

space between vertebra and dura mater filled with
fat and blood vessels
(Cushions and protects spinal cord from
vertebra)

A

Epidural space

59
Q

SPINAL CORD

A

• Contains gray and white matter
• Roots - sensory and motor axons that exit spinal cord via
intervertebral foramen
• Central canal – cavity in center of gray matter that
contains CSF
• Cord ends around L1 – spinal taps done below L3
• Cauda equina – lumbar and sacral nerve roots at end of
spinal cord

60
Q

Knowing the difference between Gray and White matter

A

• Gray matter is butterfly shaped area containing
unmyelinated multipolar neurons
• White matter – myelinated nerve fibers surrounding
gray matter carry information up and down to the brain

61
Q

sensory and motor axons that exit spinal cord via

intervertebral foramen

A

Roots

62
Q

cavity in center of gray matter that

contains CSF

A

Central canal

63
Q

Cord ends around L1

A

spinal taps done below L3

64
Q

lumbar and sacral nerve roots at end of

spinal cord

A

Cauda equina

65
Q

GRAY MATTER

A

• Ventral (anterior) horn – contains cell bodies of somatic
motor neurons
• Lateral horns – contain autonomic motor neurons cell
bodies that serve visceral organs (only in thoracic and upper
lumbar)
• Dorsal (posterior) horn – contains cell bodies of
association neurons
• ** Sensory neuron cell bodies are outside the spinal cord in
the Dorsal (posterior) root ganglion**

66
Q

contains cell bodies of somatic

motor neurons

A

Ventral (anterior) horn

67
Q

contain autonomic motor neurons cell
bodies that serve visceral organs (only in thoracic and upper
lumbar)

A

Lateral horns

68
Q

contains cell bodies of

association neurons

A

Dorsal (posterior) horn

69
Q

Sensory neuron cell bodies are outside the spinal cord in

the ________?

A

Dorsal (posterior) root ganglion**

70
Q

WHITE MATTER

A

• Ascending tracts– sensory axons running up to brain
• Descending tracts– motor axons running down from
brain
• Transverse (commissural) tracts– cross from 1 side
of cord to the other

71
Q

sensory axons running up to brain

A

Ascending tracts

72
Q

motor axons running down from

brain

A

Descending tracts

73
Q

cross from 1 side

of cord to the other

A

Transverse (commissural) tracts

74
Q

SPINAL ROOTS

A

• Dorsal – contains sensory axons that run from sensory cell
bodies in dorsal (posterior) root ganglion to dorsal (posterior)
horns
• Ventral – contain motor axons exiting from ventral (anterior)
horn
• Ventral Root unites with Sensory nerve distal to dorsal
(posterior) root ganglion to form Spinal nerve which exit
through intervertebral foramen out to body

75
Q

_____– contains sensory axons that run from sensory cell
bodies in dorsal (posterior) root ganglion to dorsal (posterior)
horns

A

Dorsal

76
Q

contain motor axons exiting from ventral (anterior)

horn

A

Ventral

Anatomy (11 decks)

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