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Sensory-Percetual Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is sensation?

A

Neural activity triggered by stimulus activity sensory receptors
Results in sensory nerve impulses traveling the sensory nerve pathways to the brain

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2
Q

What is perception?

A

Multistage process in the CNS
Includes selection, processing, organization and integration of info from senses
Identical sensations can yield different perceptions
Process where by we attach meaning to sensory stimuli

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3
Q

What is motion sickness?

A

Lack of comfort from ones sense contradicting the info from another
Our sensory-perceptual selves are interactive with environment
We don’t simply receive info.. we obtain it

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4
Q

What has a highly integrative nature?

A

Sensation, perception and movement

Sensory-perceptual systems are individual structural constraints to movement

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5
Q

How does visual development affect sensation?

A

Infants have functionally useful vision

by 6 months vision is adequate for locomotion

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6
Q

What is acuity?

A

Clearness of vision and capacity to detect small stimuli and detail

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7
Q

What is acuity at 1 month?

A

Focus on near by objects
Respond to moving light (20/400)
5% of adult vision
Differentiate facial features from 20 in

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8
Q

What is acuity at 6 months?

A

Begin self-propelled locomotion
Vision must be developed to an adequate level
Visual experience is necessary for the development of vision

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9
Q

What is acuity at 5yrs? 10yrs?

A

20/30

20/20

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10
Q

What is near nearsightedness?

A

eyeball = oblong
light focus in front of retina
see near objects

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11
Q

What is farsightedness?

A

eyeball shortens
light rays fall behind the retina
See far away objects

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12
Q

What are visual changes with age?

A

Decline in vision implications for skill performance and everyday living
Presbyopia (old man eyes) affects ability to see nearby images
Need more light
Amount of light reaching retina (60yo) is 1/3 of young adults

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13
Q

What are symptoms of visual problems?

A

Lack of hand eye coordination
Squinting
Under or overreaching
Unusual head movements

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14
Q

What is the perception of space?

A

Fundamental perception is that of 3D space
All movements depend on perception of 3D
Visual sensation = 2D
Must percieve depth and distance for 3D

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15
Q

What is depth percetion?

A

Judgement of the distance from self to objects

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16
Q

What sources can the depth perception information come from?

A

1) Retinal disparity: difference in images in the 2 eyes as a result of different locations
2) Motion parallax: change in optical location for objects at different distances during viewers motion
3) optic flow: changes of optic texture as viewer moves in a stable environment

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17
Q

What is retinal disparity?

A

Each eye sees the visual field from slightly different angles
Depth perception is aided by good acuity

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18
Q

What is motion parallax?

A

By moving of heads we receive depth clues from motion parallax
The apparent motion of 2 stationary targets at different distances due to a change in observer position

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19
Q

What is optic flow?

A

As thing move away from you, it creates a converging visual flow
Thing moving toward create expanding visual flow

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20
Q

What are the assumptions of physical equality?

A

Viewers with experience use it to judge depth
When
-2 like objects can be expected to have the same size
-but project different relative sizes on the retina
- we assume that the longer retinal size is closer to us

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21
Q

What is the development of space perception?

A

Infants have the mechanics for optic flow and motion parallax
1 month
-babies blink more when an object appears to getting closer
-they perceptive it as moving

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22
Q

What is the visual cliff experiment?

A

Infant (6-14months) stopped at the edge

Demonstrates infants have some level of depth perception

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23
Q

Why at 6 months (visual cliff)?

A

At birth the cortex receives neural input from both eyes
By 6 months neural input separates into alternating columns, receiving input in visual cortex from the left and right eyes

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24
Q

What is the perception of objects?

A

Object attributes are size, shape and motion
Perception is based on info about edges and decide if they are boundaries or not
Perception of edges and boundaries help us extract an object from the background

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25
What is the figure-ground perception?
Objects of interest seen as distinct from background | Child must identify which of the six objects are embedded in the image
26
What is whole part perception?
Perception of edges and boundaries also help is distinguish whole objects from part of an object Parts of a picture or object discriminated from whole yet, can be integrated Young children have trouble integrating objects from a whole
27
What is shape and orientation perception?
object recognized even if its orientation changes
28
What is the development of shape and orientation perception?
``` Newborns are sensitive to object shape Perceive faces (look longer at mother) Refine ability to detect subtle changes in object orientation ```
29
What is size constancy?
The perception of actual object size despite size of its image on retina Newborns demonstrate perception of size constancy with varying distance
30
What is the development of object perception?
Infants may use depth and motion more than edges | Preadolescences reach adult level
31
What is the perception of motion?
Dedicated nerological mechanisms detect motion Neurons fire according to direction location and speed of an object on the retina Infants perceive motion, however lack of sensitivity to motion Direction of motion not perceived well until 8 weeks
32
What are kinaesthetic systems?
Give us body senses Vital to our ability to position ourselves and move in our environment Comes from proprioceptors around the ability 2Types - somatosensors: in muscles joints and under skins -Vestibular appartus : inner ear
33
What happens to infants and kinesthetic receptors?
- Infantile reflexes are stimulated through kinesthetic receptors - Reflex onset indicate kinaesthetic receptors are functioning - Vestibular apparatus is anatomically complete at 9-12 weeks prenatal - Systems function early in life
34
What does kinaesthetic perception involve?
1) tactile location 2) object perception 3) body awareness 4) limb movements 5) spatial orientation and direction
35
What is tactile localization?
Ability to identify without sight where on the body a touch occurred Newborns can feel touches Perception of tactile location on hands mature by 6
36
What is the threshold of discrimination? (Tactile localization)
Detecting the smallest gap between 2 points Varies in different areas Threshold for discriminating betwen one touch and 2nearby touches improve in childhood
37
When does the touch on palmar surfaces of fingers mature?
age 10
38
What is object perception?
Rcognizing unseen objects and their characteristics by feeling them Infants explore manually and orally Purposeful manual expolartion improves in childhood
39
What is body awareness?
Identifying bdy parts -2/3 of 6yrs. can identifying major body part -mature by 9yrs Children also need a sense of body spatial dimension
40
What is laterality? (body awareness)
Awareness that the body has two distinct side that move independently Improvements occur between 4 and 5 Children show adult like response by 10
41
What is lateral dominance?
Perfferring one side over the other Still controversial as to nature or nurture Infants show preference Handedness is established at age 4
42
What is pure dominance?
all four parts on one side
43
What is mixed dominance?
if any of the four parts is on the other side
44
What is limb movement?
Asking a child to accurately reproduce a limb movement or relocate Limb movement improves between 5 -8
45
What is spatial orientation and direction?
Spatial orientation involves perception of location and orientation in space Walk in straight line with blindfold Imrpoves between 6-8
46
What is directionality?
The awareness of the body's 2 distinct sides Linked to laterality Reference by 8 yrs Matures by age 12
47
What are kinaesthetic changes with age?
Sensitivity may be lost older adults lose -Cutaneous and temperature and pain sensitivity
48
What are auditory developments?
3 Structures ar involved in hearing - Cochlea (develops 1st and close to adult form by age 12 wks prenatal - Middle ear (20-24wks prenatal) - External (20-24wks prenatal)
49
What is the absolute threshold for auditory sensation?
Minimal dectable sound that a hearer can hear 1/2 of the time
50
What is the differential threshold for auditory sensation?
The closest 2 sounds can be yet allow the hearer to distinguish the at least 75% of the time
51
What is presbycusis?
Oldman hearing | loss of hearing sensitivity
52
What does auditory sensation in infancy look like?
Gelatinous tissue filling inner ear - reabsorbed during the first week Absolute threshold is higher than adults but allows for detection of normal speaking voice Differential threshold is not as developed as adults By 6 months infants hearing is similar to adults
53
What are auditory sensation changes with age?
Hearing loss is more frequent in older adults Some loss might be physiological and other might due to life long exposure Threshold generally increases
54
What are the elements of auditory perception?
1) location 2) location 3) patterns 4) auditory figure and ground
55
How do we locate sound?
Determining its location distance from us Newborns turn in the direction of sound Easier to determine direction then distance By age 3 children locate distant sounds Older adults show notable decrements in the ability to locate sounds
56
What are differences in similar sounds?
Infants can discriminate basic speech sounds at 1-4 months -Detecting differences in sounds -Such as d and t, or b and p Between ages of 3-5 experience increasing accuracy in recognizing differences in sounds Refinement continues until approximately 13 yrs
57
What are sound patterns?
``` 3 properties -time -intensity -frequency Speech and music have all 3 properties Temporal pattern and frequency are perceived by age 1 Possible prereq for language Intensity changes are detected between 5 and 11 months ```
58
When are simple patterns discriminated?
6 months More complex by 1 year Improvements are made throughout childhood
59
What is figure and ground in regards to hearing?
When we attend to certain sounds while ignoring others Figure is the sound of interest Ground is the distracting background noise
60
What is intermodal perception?
Events can be perceived through various modalities (auditory, visual, kinaesthetic) to create a 3D environment
61
What are the two perspective of intermodal pereption?
1) Integrational | 2) unified
62
What is The integration perspective?
Each sensory system yields a unique sensation | Infants must learn how to integrate the separate systems
63
What is the unified persepctive?
The sense are united in bringing infromation about events The nervous system is structured for multimodal perception Infants must learn about the world from unified information coming through different modalities

PEDS 207 (16 decks)

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