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PEDS 207 > Sensory-Percetual Development > Flashcards

Sensory-Percetual Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is sensation?

A

Neural activity triggered by stimulus activity sensory receptors
Results in sensory nerve impulses traveling the sensory nerve pathways to the brain

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2
Q

What is perception?

A

Multistage process in the CNS
Includes selection, processing, organization and integration of info from senses
Identical sensations can yield different perceptions
Process where by we attach meaning to sensory stimuli

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3
Q

What is motion sickness?

A

Lack of comfort from ones sense contradicting the info from another
Our sensory-perceptual selves are interactive with environment
We don’t simply receive info.. we obtain it

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4
Q

What has a highly integrative nature?

A

Sensation, perception and movement

Sensory-perceptual systems are individual structural constraints to movement

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5
Q

How does visual development affect sensation?

A

Infants have functionally useful vision

by 6 months vision is adequate for locomotion

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6
Q

What is acuity?

A

Clearness of vision and capacity to detect small stimuli and detail

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7
Q

What is acuity at 1 month?

A

Focus on near by objects
Respond to moving light (20/400)
5% of adult vision
Differentiate facial features from 20 in

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8
Q

What is acuity at 6 months?

A

Begin self-propelled locomotion
Vision must be developed to an adequate level
Visual experience is necessary for the development of vision

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9
Q

What is acuity at 5yrs? 10yrs?

A

20/30

20/20

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10
Q

What is near nearsightedness?

A

eyeball = oblong
light focus in front of retina
see near objects

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11
Q

What is farsightedness?

A

eyeball shortens
light rays fall behind the retina
See far away objects

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12
Q

What are visual changes with age?

A

Decline in vision implications for skill performance and everyday living
Presbyopia (old man eyes) affects ability to see nearby images
Need more light
Amount of light reaching retina (60yo) is 1/3 of young adults

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13
Q

What are symptoms of visual problems?

A

Lack of hand eye coordination
Squinting
Under or overreaching
Unusual head movements

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14
Q

What is the perception of space?

A

Fundamental perception is that of 3D space
All movements depend on perception of 3D
Visual sensation = 2D
Must percieve depth and distance for 3D

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15
Q

What is depth percetion?

A

Judgement of the distance from self to objects

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16
Q

What sources can the depth perception information come from?

A

1) Retinal disparity: difference in images in the 2 eyes as a result of different locations
2) Motion parallax: change in optical location for objects at different distances during viewers motion
3) optic flow: changes of optic texture as viewer moves in a stable environment

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17
Q

What is retinal disparity?

A

Each eye sees the visual field from slightly different angles
Depth perception is aided by good acuity

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18
Q

What is motion parallax?

A

By moving of heads we receive depth clues from motion parallax
The apparent motion of 2 stationary targets at different distances due to a change in observer position

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19
Q

What is optic flow?

A

As thing move away from you, it creates a converging visual flow
Thing moving toward create expanding visual flow

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20
Q

What are the assumptions of physical equality?

A

Viewers with experience use it to judge depth
When
-2 like objects can be expected to have the same size
-but project different relative sizes on the retina
- we assume that the longer retinal size is closer to us

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21
Q

What is the development of space perception?

A

Infants have the mechanics for optic flow and motion parallax
1 month
-babies blink more when an object appears to getting closer
-they perceptive it as moving

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22
Q

What is the visual cliff experiment?

A

Infant (6-14months) stopped at the edge

Demonstrates infants have some level of depth perception

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23
Q

Why at 6 months (visual cliff)?

A

At birth the cortex receives neural input from both eyes
By 6 months neural input separates into alternating columns, receiving input in visual cortex from the left and right eyes

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24
Q

What is the perception of objects?

A

Object attributes are size, shape and motion
Perception is based on info about edges and decide if they are boundaries or not
Perception of edges and boundaries help us extract an object from the background

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25
Q

What is the figure-ground perception?

A

Objects of interest seen as distinct from background

Child must identify which of the six objects are embedded in the image

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26
Q

What is whole part perception?

A

Perception of edges and boundaries also help is distinguish whole objects from part of an object
Parts of a picture or object discriminated from whole yet, can be integrated
Young children have trouble integrating objects from a whole

27
Q

What is shape and orientation perception?

A

object recognized even if its orientation changes

28
Q

What is the development of shape and orientation perception?

A 
Newborns are sensitive to object shape
Perceive faces (look longer at mother)
Refine ability to detect subtle changes in object orientation
29
Q

What is size constancy?

A

The perception of actual object size despite size of its image on retina
Newborns demonstrate perception of size constancy with varying distance

30
Q

What is the development of object perception?

A

Infants may use depth and motion more than edges

Preadolescences reach adult level

31
Q

What is the perception of motion?

A

Dedicated nerological mechanisms detect motion
Neurons fire according to direction location and speed of an object on the retina
Infants perceive motion, however lack of sensitivity to motion
Direction of motion not perceived well until 8 weeks

32
Q

What are kinaesthetic systems?

A

Give us body senses
Vital to our ability to position ourselves and move in our environment
Comes from proprioceptors around the ability
2Types
- somatosensors: in muscles joints and under skins
-Vestibular appartus : inner ear

33
Q

What happens to infants and kinesthetic receptors?

A
  • Infantile reflexes are stimulated through kinesthetic receptors
  • Reflex onset indicate kinaesthetic receptors are functioning
  • Vestibular apparatus is anatomically complete at 9-12 weeks prenatal
  • Systems function early in life
34
Q

What does kinaesthetic perception involve?

A

1) tactile location
2) object perception
3) body awareness
4) limb movements
5) spatial orientation and direction

35
Q

What is tactile localization?

A

Ability to identify without sight where on the body a touch occurred
Newborns can feel touches
Perception of tactile location on hands mature by 6

36
Q

What is the threshold of discrimination? (Tactile localization)

A

Detecting the smallest gap between 2 points
Varies in different areas
Threshold for discriminating betwen one touch and 2nearby touches improve in childhood

37
Q

When does the touch on palmar surfaces of fingers mature?

A

age 10

38
Q

What is object perception?

A

Rcognizing unseen objects and their characteristics by feeling them
Infants explore manually and orally
Purposeful manual expolartion improves in childhood

39
Q

What is body awareness?

A

Identifying bdy parts
-2/3 of 6yrs. can identifying major body part
-mature by 9yrs
Children also need a sense of body spatial dimension

40
Q

What is laterality? (body awareness)

A

Awareness that the body has two distinct side that move independently
Improvements occur between 4 and 5
Children show adult like response by 10

41
Q

What is lateral dominance?

A

Perfferring one side over the other
Still controversial as to nature or nurture
Infants show preference
Handedness is established at age 4

42
Q

What is pure dominance?

A

all four parts on one side

43
Q

What is mixed dominance?

A

if any of the four parts is on the other side

44
Q

What is limb movement?

A

Asking a child to accurately reproduce a limb movement or relocate
Limb movement improves between 5 -8

45
Q

What is spatial orientation and direction?

A

Spatial orientation involves perception of location and orientation in space
Walk in straight line with blindfold
Imrpoves between 6-8

46
Q

What is directionality?

A

The awareness of the body’s 2 distinct sides
Linked to laterality
Reference by 8 yrs
Matures by age 12

47
Q

What are kinaesthetic changes with age?

A

Sensitivity may be lost
older adults lose
-Cutaneous and temperature and pain sensitivity

48
Q

What are auditory developments?

A

3 Structures ar involved in hearing

  • Cochlea (develops 1st and close to adult form by age 12 wks prenatal
  • Middle ear (20-24wks prenatal)
  • External (20-24wks prenatal)
49
Q

What is the absolute threshold for auditory sensation?

A

Minimal dectable sound that a hearer can hear 1/2 of the time

50
Q

What is the differential threshold for auditory sensation?

A

The closest 2 sounds can be yet allow the hearer to distinguish the at least 75% of the time

51
Q

What is presbycusis?

A

Oldman hearing

loss of hearing sensitivity

52
Q

What does auditory sensation in infancy look like?

A

Gelatinous tissue filling inner ear - reabsorbed during the first week
Absolute threshold is higher than adults but allows for detection of normal speaking voice
Differential threshold is not as developed as adults
By 6 months infants hearing is similar to adults

53
Q

What are auditory sensation changes with age?

A

Hearing loss is more frequent in older adults
Some loss might be physiological and other might due to life long exposure
Threshold generally increases

54
Q

What are the elements of auditory perception?

A

1) location
2) location
3) patterns
4) auditory figure and ground

55
Q

How do we locate sound?

A

Determining its location distance from us
Newborns turn in the direction of sound
Easier to determine direction then distance
By age 3 children locate distant sounds
Older adults show notable decrements in the ability to locate sounds

56
Q

What are differences in similar sounds?

A

Infants can discriminate basic speech sounds at 1-4 months
-Detecting differences in sounds
-Such as d and t, or b and p
Between ages of 3-5 experience increasing accuracy in recognizing differences in sounds
Refinement continues until approximately 13 yrs

57
Q

What are sound patterns?

A 
3 properties
-time 
-intensity
-frequency
Speech and music have all 3 properties
Temporal pattern and frequency are perceived by age 1
Possible prereq for language
Intensity changes are detected between 5 and 11 months
58
Q

When are simple patterns discriminated?

A

6 months
More complex by 1 year
Improvements are made throughout childhood

59
Q

What is figure and ground in regards to hearing?

A

When we attend to certain sounds while ignoring others
Figure is the sound of interest
Ground is the distracting background noise

60
Q

What is intermodal perception?

A

Events can be perceived through various modalities (auditory, visual, kinaesthetic) to create a 3D environment

61
Q

What are the two perspective of intermodal pereption?

A

1) Integrational

2) unified

62
Q

What is The integration perspective?

A

Each sensory system yields a unique sensation

Infants must learn how to integrate the separate systems

63
Q

What is the unified persepctive?

A

The sense are united in bringing infromation about events
The nervous system is structured for multimodal perception
Infants must learn about the world from unified information coming through different modalities

PEDS 207 (16 decks)

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