Development of Cardiorespiratory Endurance

Question 1

What happens during short term exercise?

Answer 1

ATP stored in muscles is used first
ATP is formed from creatine phosphate and ADP
Glycogen stored in muscles is used to generateATP

Question 2

What happens during brief intense activity?

Answer 2

Oxygen levels are insufficient to rephosphorylate ATP

This is called anaerobic

Question 3

What is anaerobic power and capacity?

Answer 3

Power: is the rate of energy supplied by the anaerobic system
Capacity is the total amount of energy supplied by the anaerobic system

Question 4

What happens when exercise lengthens?

Answer 4

Anaerobic system contributes less and less and the aerobbic system takes over

Question 5

How do you asses anaerobic performance?

Answer 5

1-30s long
Wingate test
-total work output
-peak power, mean power
-normalized to body mass
-anaerobic capacity

Question 6

What are the developmental changes in anaerobic performance in children?

Answer 6

Muscle mass increases
Energy reserves increase
Tolerance of by-products improves
Mean and peak power improve
Improved neuromuscular coordination
Gender  differences reflect muscle mass difference

Question 7

What are developmental changes in the anaerobic system in adults?

Answer 7

Once body size is attained, anaerobic performance is stable
Improvements reflect training
Decline in older adulthood (loss of muscle mass)

Question 8

What is anaerobic training?

Answer 8

Preadolescent and adolescent boys improve with training
Increase is not large
Much less is known about girls
Master athletes can maintain sufficient performance

Question 9

What is the physiological response to prolonged exercise?

Answer 9

Energy is derived from the oxidative breakdown of food by aerobic system
Significant reductions of carb stores but little reduction in fatty acid stores
Increase oxygen necessitates increase in transport of oxygen from the air to our cells

Question 10

What is aerobic power and capacity?

Answer 10

Power: Rate of energy supplied by the aerobic system
Capacity: the total amount of energy supplied by the aerobic system

Question 11

What is it called when we increase the amount of oxygen required?

Answer 11

Increase VO2

Question 12

What is the Fick equation?

Answer 12

VO2 = Q*a-vO2diff
Q=HRxSV (cardiac output)
a-vO2diff = difference in the amount of O2 in arterial blood (before muscles) and venous (after muscles)

Question 13

How do you assess aerobic performance?

Answer 13

Graded exercise test
Maximal mount of O2 the body can consume/ time
GXT systematically increase work until fatigue
Each increase require more O2

Question 14

What is VO2max?

Answer 14

The largest amount of O2 the body can consume/min during aerobic work

Question 15

Who has the fastest heart rate recovery?

Answer 15

Children (higher parasympathetic tone)

Question 16

What does aerobic performance look like in adults?

Answer 16

Maximal O2 uptake/kg falls about 1%/year after the 20s

Active adults maintain higher max O2 uptake

Question 17

What are changes to the cardiovascular system in adults?

Answer 17

Decrease 
-cardiac output
-max HR
-in some adults SV
Cardiac muscle
-elasticity in cardiac muscle
-elasticity in major vessels 
Thickening of the left ventricle
Fibrotic change in valves

Question 18

What are changes to the respiratory system in adults?

Answer 18

Decrease
-elasticity of lung tissue
-vital capacity
O2-CO2 exchange less efficient

Question 19

What are muscular changes in adulthood?

Answer 19

Loss of muscle mass

decrease arteriovenous oxygen difference (a-vO2 diff)

Question 20

What are aerobic training effects in children?

Answer 20

Must consider growth and maturation
Hormonal levels of puberty are necessary for substantial effects
Aerobic training =small improvements in preadolescents
Significant improvements after puberty

Question 21

What happens to VO2max in adults?

Answer 21

1) decrease not as dramatic in adults who remain active

2) Older adults can significantly increase their VO2

Question 22

What is known about long term activity levels?

Answer 22

Research is limited
Women who were active in youth more active in adulthood
Youth sport can predict young adult activity

Question 23

What was Saltin and Grimby’s study?

Answer 23

Max O2 uptake was measured in men 50-59 and categorized by activity
Asked about activity in youth
Engaged in lifelong activity had highest maximal oxygen uptake
Sedentary adults who were active youths had higher VO2 than those who were not active youths

Question 24

What are effcts of disease on endurance performance?

Answer 24

Short-term infectious diseases reduce working capacity
Those with long-term diseases should never be put at risk
Determine safe levels of activity
Perticipants should be monitored closely

Question 25

What are the 5 S’s of trainability?

Answer 25

1) speed
2) skill
3) suppleness
4) strength
5) stamina