Development of Maniplulative Skills Flashcards by Em E

What is prehension?

Grasping of an object with the hands

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What do maturationalist think about grasping?

We get better at grasping as the CNS matures

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What did Halverson propose about development?

Ten stages of development
Transition from power grip to precision grip
At birth - no grip
2 months - limited contact, grasping with entire hand
3 months - hand adjustment (power grip)
4 months - thumb on object
5 months - change to precision
(limitations of study = only one object used)

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What did Hohlstein experiment?

Similar to Halverson but used different objects
Power to precision grip
Object shape and size influenced grasp
9 months - hand shape matched object
Constraints interact in prehension

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How are grip movements body scaled?

Grip depended on the relationship between hand size and object
Object affected by size is most important than shape

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What is the ratio of hand size to object size?

Consistent for transitioning from using one hand to using two hands

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How does vision play a role in grasping tasks?

Children often knock over objects before lifting

Adults make one or two hand decisions before making contact

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What did Thelen study about reaching?

Transition form pre-reach to reach (3-4months)
Starts with the ball park reach
Speed of movement is unique to the child
Demonstrated infants learn to reach by doing not the development of the CNS
Memory building rather than cognitive process

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What are hand-mouth movements?

3-4 months infants become consistent in moving the hand to the mouth
5 months they open the mouth in anticipation of hands arrival

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What happens at 2 months for bimanual reaching and manipulation?

Unilateral arm extension and reaching

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What happens at 4.5 months with bimanual reaching and manipulation?

Reach for objects with both arms

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When do infants alternate between predominantly unimanual and bimanual reach and what is it due to?

During the first year and it is due to changing constraints

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When do they start manipulating with both hands?

8 months

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By 12 months they are doing what?

Pulling apart and insertion actions (around when they start to walk)

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When do we see complimentary activities?

End of the 2nd year

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What are the roles of posture?

Reaching improves when infants can maintain postural control

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What did Kauranen and Vanharanta do in regards to manual performance in adulthood?

Manual performance declines after age 50

Movement slowed; coordination scores declined

What did Hughes do in regards to manual performance in adulthood?

Strength declines

More individuals exceeded time threshold

When can be maintained?

Accuracy in well practiced tasks

What is rapid aiming movements? (RAM)

RAM is involved in manipulating complex displays (cockpit of a plane)

Initiation and acceleration phase
Deceleration and termination phase

What is the difference in young and older adults in RAM?

Young- symmetrical phases
Older - less force and travel in acceleration phase
-long deceleration

What are fundamental manipulative skills?

When the performer gains possesion or control of an object by reaching to intercept
Catching is the most common

What happens in early catching?

Difficult as developmental skill
If a child catches a ball usually reflect the thrower
Interception is the most difficult aspect

How do young catch?

Position arms and hand rigidly
little force absorbed
Trap the ball against chest
Turn away and close eyes

How do the proficient catch?

``` Hands give to absorb force Catchers moves (side to side or forward/backward) Fingers pointed -up for high balls -down for low balls ```

What are the developmental changes to a catchers arms?

1) little response 2) hugging 3) scooping 4) arms "give"

What are the developmental changes to a catchers hands?

1) palms up 2) palms in 3) palms adjust

What are the developmental changes to a catchers body?

1) no adjustment 2) awkward adjustment 3) proper adjustment

How do you assess catching?

For comparison, task and environmental constraints must be consistent The number of catches in a set of attempts can be scored The developmental sequence can provide information about the movement process

How is anticipation involved in catching?

Anticipation is involved in many manipulative tasks and interception skills Studies often involve coincidence anticipation tasks Anticipating completion of movement, to coincide with arrival of moving objects

Young children are less what are the movement required of them is more complex?

accurate | Less accurate if the interception point is farther away

When are children successful in intercepting?

When the balls are larger | The trajectory is lower and the speed is not too fast

What is the IP perspective of intercepting?

Receive all info and perform calculations of all the data

What does the perception-action perspective say about intercepting?

PAP theory states that all information needed is in the environment. No calculations necessary Environment specifies movement possibilties

What are the 2 characteristics of person-environment system for catching?

1) Invariant: keeping patterns in the environment constant 2) Expanding optical array a) optic array expands on the retina when movement is towards b) optic array constricts when the movement is away

What is McLeod and Dienes theory about intercepting?

Intercept a high trajectory ball by keeping the ratio at 0 Positive ratio ball lands behind Negative ratio ball lands infront By staying at 0 catcher knows to move

What is Oudejans theory about intercepting?

Intercept a high trajectory ball by keeping the vertical optical acceleration at 0 Focus on acceleration of ball rather than angle of gaze Acceleration of ball tells the catcher to move

What is Leneoir's theory about intercepting?

Intercepting using side ways movements Catchers are able to intercept balls by keeping the bearing angle between themselves and the ball constant Math is not important It is possible to arrive at the catching point without calculations

How do children learn to arrive at the right place?

Learn that the ratio is zero when they stand still and catch a ball. Eventually they learn to move to keep the ratio at 0 Experience is important in learning

What happens to catching in older adlts?

Little research Catching might be influenced by factors affecting movements speed or ability to reach Less accurate and more variable on coincidence - anticipation tasks Can improve with practice