Development of Ballistic Skills

Question 1

What is a ballistic skill?

Answer 1

Skill where a person applies force to an object in order to project it
Throwing, kicking, striking
All have similar mechanical principles

Question 2

What are the forms of throwing?

Answer 2

Underarm
Sidearm
Overarm

Question 3

What are two forms of assessments?

Answer 3

Product measure (outcome) --> accuracy, distance, speed
Process measures (movement patterns) --> developmental sequence

Question 4

What are the 5 aspects of throwing?

Answer 4

1) Back swing
2) Trunk action
3) Humerus action
4) Forearm action
5) Foot action

Question 5

What are the developmental changes in overarm throwing in the back swing?

Answer 5

1) No back swing (early childhood)
2) Elbow and humeral flexion
3) Circular upward back swing
4) Circular downward back swing (proficient)

Question 6

What are the developmental changes in overarm throwing in the trunk action?

Answer 6

1) None, no forward or backward movement
2) Upper trunk action only (block rotation)
3) Differentiated rotation

Question 7

What are the developmental changes in overarm throwing in the humerus action?

Answer 7

1) Oblique (not level with the shoulder)
2) Aligned but independent
3) Lagging

Question 8

What are the developmental changes in overarm throwing in the forearm action?

Answer 8

1) No lag
2) Lag
3) Delayed lag (creates a whipping action)

Question 9

What are the developmental changes in overarm throwing in the foot action?

Answer 9

1) No step
2) Homo lateral step (throw with the same step foot)
3) Short contralateral step
4) Long contralateral step (at least with half body length)

Question 10

What happens during early overarm throwing?

Answer 10

Mostly arm action
Elbow pointed up
Throw executed by elbow extension alone
No trunk action or foot action

Question 11

What happen during proficient overarm throwing?

Answer 11

Preparatory windup
Opposite leg
Differentiated trunk action
Upper arm and forearm lag
Movements are sequential

Question 12

What are developmental changes in overarm throwing during childhood?

Answer 12

Throwers do not achieve same step for each body component at same time
Some step combination are observed more frequently than others
Not everyone reaches highest step
Differences are observed between the sexes in throwing skill

Question 13

What are developmental changes in an overarm throwing during older adulthood?

Answer 13

Older adults demonstrate moderately advanced step
Differences between sexes
Velocity is moderate
Musculoskeletal constraints influence movement
Change is slow

Question 14

What occurs when throwing for accuracy?

Answer 14

Throwers may use lower developmental steps
When throwing a distance, differences are minimal
Can’t use the developmental sequence for overhead throw to assess accuracy drop in developmental accuracy