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PEDS 207 > Cardiovascular Diseases > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are common names for Ischemic heart disease?

A

Coronary artery disease
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
Coronary heart disease

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2
Q

What is pathophysiology?

A

physiological process associated with the disease or injury

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3
Q

What is the pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease?

A

limitation of blood flow to the heart causes ischemia (lack of O2)
Results in cell death (myocardial infarction)
Leads to heart muscle damage and muscle death
Leads to myocardial scarring without regeneration
CAD occurs when inside the coronary artery develop atherosclerosis

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4
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

narrowing of coronary arteries which can lead to ischemia, ventricular arrythmia and ventricular fibrillation and death
Artery linings become hardened and swollen with calcium, fat and inflammatory cells (plaque)

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5
Q

What is plaque?

A

large formations that protrude into the artery casuing partial obstruction

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6
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of ischemic heart disease?

A

Angina: a cindtiona marked by severe pain in the chest, which spreads to the shoulders, arms, neck and back caused by inadequate blood supply to the heart.

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7
Q

What is the difference between stable and unstable angina?

A

Stable is chest pain/discomfort that most often occurs with activity and stress
Unstable is unexpected chest pain and usually occurs while resting

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8
Q

What are risk factors of ischemic heart disease?

A 
Smoking,
Family history
Hypertension
Obseity
Diabetes
Lack of activity
stress,
High blood lipids
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9
Q

What are blood fats?

A

Risk with high blood [triglycerides]

Blood cholesterol is composed of LDL and HDL

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10
Q

What is the difference between LDL and HDL?

A

LDL is a carrier and results in dropping of cholesterol

HDL picks up the dropping and takes them to the liver

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11
Q

How is ischemic heart diseaese diagnosed?

A

Medical history and complete physical
ECG demonstrates evidence of coronary artery ischemia
Noninvasive exercise treadmill stress test or pharmacological stress test
Coronary angiogrraphy
-injecting dye and x-ray blood flow

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12
Q

What is cerebrovascular disease?

A

Encompasses all disorders in which an area of the brain is temporarily or permanently affected by ischemia or bleeding

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13
Q

How do restrictions occur in blood flow to the brain?

A

Vessel narrowing (stenosis)
Clot formation can be caused by plaque (trombosis)
Blockage due to the breaking of thrombosis (embolism)
Blood vessl rupture (hemorrhange)
Restricted blood flow can result in death
Once cells die they cannot regenerate

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14
Q

What is a stroke?

A

an abrupt intrerruption of constant blood flow to the brain that causes loss of neurological function
Ischemic stroke is caused by interruption of blood flow (80% of all strokes)

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15
Q

What are the two types of ischemic stroke?

A

Thrombotic and Embolic
Many times the blockage is not complete with a small trickle of blood completely cut off die in 5 minutes
Cells with reduced blood flow can survive about 3 hours

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16
Q

What is a hemorrhage stroke?

A

More deadly stroke caused by bleeding in the brain

Hypertension casues a rupture iof an aneurysm

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17
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

An excessive localized enlargement of an artery caused by a weakening of the artery wall

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18
Q

What are risk factors of cerebrovascular disease?

A 
High BP
Smoking
Carotid artery disease
Diabetes
High blood cholesterol
Physical inactivity
Obesity
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19
Q

What is peripheral vascular disease?

A

Circulation disorder that affect blood vessels outside the heart and brain
Supplies the arteries and veins that supplies the arms, legs and organs

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20
Q

What are two locations of PVD?

A 
Peripheral arterial disease
-most common form of PVD
-12-20% of people over 65 have PAD
Deep vein thrombosis
-PVD in the deep veins
21
Q

What are the two types of PVD?

A

1) Functional PVD

2) Organic PVD

22
Q

What is functional PVD?

A 
Does not involve physical problem
Short term restriction due to
-emotional stress
-smoking
-cold
-vibrating machines
23
Q

What is organic PVD?

A 
Arteriosclerosis is primary cause
Affects structure of the blood vessel
Causes:
-Smoking
-High BP
-Diabetes
-High cholesterol
24
Q

How is PVD diagnosed?

A

Measure the pulse in legs and ankles
Wooshing sounds is called a bruit = narrowed vessel
Ankle-brachial index
-BP and ultrasound reading
-BP is taken before and after treadmill walk
Angiography
-Catheter inject dye for x-ray

25
Q

What is heart failure?

A

Heart is unable to pump sufficient amounts of blood
Congestive heart failure or chronic heart failure
Congestive is used as one to the common symptoms (swelling/H2O retention)

26
Q

What are common causes of heart failure?

A 
CAD
High BP
Atrial fibrillation
Valvular heart disease
Infection
27
Q

What is left side failure?

A

Left ventricle responsible for receiving O2 blood from lungs and pumping it to th rest of the body
Failure of the left causes blood to congest in the lungs
Results in respiratory symptoms as well as general fatigue due to reduced oxygenated blood

28
Q

What right side failure?

A

Right ventricle reduced function

Congestion of systemic capillaries and fluid accumulation in the body

29
Q

What are two areas of swelling in rigth side failure?

A

Peripheral edema: swelling under the skin usually affecting the foot and ankle in people standing
Sacral edema: swelling in the sacral region in people who are lying. Severe liver congestion may result in jaundice and liver dysfunction

30
Q

What is biventricular failure?

A

Failure of both sides of the heart

31
Q

What is the pathophysiology of heart failure?

A

Causes: anything that reduces the efficiency of heart muscle (SV)
Myocardial infarction, hypertension
Reduced SV as a result of reduced systole, diastole or both
Increased ESV (after ventricle contracts) caused by reduced contractility
Decreased EDV (before ventricular contraction) due to impaired ventricular filling

32
Q

What is systolic dysfunction

A

Decreased ejection fraction less than 45% normal

Results in reduced SV (Q)

33
Q

What is diastolic dysfunction?

A

Failure of the ventricle to relax and typically denotes a stiffer ventricular wall
Causes reduced filling of the venticle, decreased SV and therefore decreased Q
Results in cardiac remodelling

34
Q

What is congenital heart disease?

A 
Disease that occurs at birth
Blood vessles near the heart don't develop normally before birth
present in 1% of live births
Most cases no known causes
Different conditions
-Obstruction of blood flow
-septal defects
35
Q

What are possible causes?

A

Viral infections
inherited condition
drug/alcohol abuse

36
Q

What are types of obstruction of blood flow?

A

Pulmonary stenosis
Tricuspid atresia
Aortic stenosis
Coarctation of the Aorta

37
Q

What is pulmonary stenosis?

A

Pulmonary valve becomes narrowed
Right ventricle must work harder to pump blood to lungs
Increased stress results in enlargement of the rightt ventricle

38
Q

What is tricuspid atresia?

A

Tricuspid valve does not properly form
No opening between the two chambers
No blood can flow into lungs

39
Q

What is aortic stenosis?

A

Aortic valve becomes narrowed

40
Q

What is coarctation of the aorta?

A

The aorta becomes narrowed and restricts O2 flow to the rest of the body

41
Q

What are septal defects?

A

There is an opening in the septum separating the right and left sides of teh heart
Results in blood flow between the left and right without going to the lungs
Increased stress causes the heart to enlarge

42
Q

What are teh two forms of septal defects?

A

Atrial septal defects

Ventricular septal defects

43
Q

What is an atrial septal defect?

A

opening exists between the atria
allows deoxygenated blood to flow to the left stream
severity depends on the size of opening
hole present at birht genreallly closes at 1 year

44
Q

What is ventricular septal defects?

A

opening between the ventricles
Oxygenated blood pumped to right ventricle
Severity depends on size of opening

45
Q

What is rheumatic heart disease?

A

a group do acute and chronic heart disorders that occur as a result of rheumatic fever

46
Q

What is rheumatic fever?

A

Starts as strep throat
Inflammatory disease affects many connective tissues in the body
Occurs in children 5-15
About 6% of people with rheumatic fever develop some degree of heart disease

47
Q

How does rheumatic fever affect the heart?

A

Every part may be damaged by subsequent inflammation but also most common are heart valves

48
Q

What is the role of antibiotics in rheumatic fever?

A

prevent streptoccal

Any child with presistent sore throat should have a throat culture

PEDS 207 (16 decks)

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