Body Composition

Question 1

What is the problem with body composition?

Answer 1

Obesity is a world wide issue (epidemic)
More countries adopt North American lifestyle more obese
Obese children turninto obese adults
Obese children have health problems of adults
People don’t understand relationship of diet and exercise

Question 2

What is body compostion?

Answer 2

two types of tissue
1) lean tissue (muscle, bone organs)
2) fat or adipose tissue
Most people only care about body comp for appearance

Question 3

What is teh importance oof body composition?

Answer 3

Determines appearance
Affects slef -concpet
Related to working capacity
excess weight adds workload
excess fat limits ROM
Obeseity places one at risk of chronic diseases

Question 4

What is the relationship of body comp and exercise in childrens adnyouth?

Answer 4

Genetic adn environmental factors have and effect
Environmental factors are diet and exercise (can be manipulated)
Maintianting body comp is a matter of balance of calories consumed against metabolic rate
and physical exertion

Question 5

What are the Parizkova studies?

Answer 5

the relationship between exercise and body comp (cross-sectional and longitudinal studies)
Cross-sectional generlaly show young athletes have lower proportions of fat
Impossible to determine from cross-sectional if active lifestyle results in leanness

Question 6

What was Parizkova’s 1968 study?

Answer 6

100 teenage boys 4 activity groups
Most active (6hrs/wk)
Least active (unorganized play)
Age 10.7 
followed until 14.7

Question 7

What were the results of Parizkova 1968 study?

Answer 7

Most/least active did not differ in initial amount of fat weight
Most active increased body mass while fat remained (%body fat decreased)
Inactive group increased absolute body fat
PA has benefits on body comp in boys

Question 8

What was Parizkova study in 1972?

Answer 8

41/100 boys for another 3 yrs
Most active and least active differed in total weight by 16.7
Active group was heavier because lean body mass was greater
Neither group differed in skeletal age so body composition was not due to maturational differences

Question 9

What was Parizkova study in 1977?

Answer 9

16/41 for another 6 years
Too small for reliable analysis
% body fat in all groups until 21.7
after that body comp changes varied widely reflecting lifestyle

Question 10

What was the conclusion of Parizkova studies?

Answer 10

PA has a favourable influence on body comp.

Question 11

What was gymnast study for girls?

Answer 11

Analyzing the effect of activity on body comp of girls

Gain proportionately more fat than boys

Question 12

What was the methodology of the study of gymnast girls in?

Answer 12

32 girls in gymnastic school
45 not engaged in PA
Results: 45 inactive gained more fat
32 gymnasts
-no overall trend to add fat
gained subcutaneous fat during off season
lost fat/gained muscle during training even with increase calories

Question 13

What were the results of Parizkova’s study in 1977 between boys and girls?

Answer 13

By age 15 boys were significantly taller, heavier and leaner
Both showed increase proportion of lean body mass at the expense of fat weight
Girls had higher fat mass, girls did not gain as much fat as non-training girls

Question 14

What are the implications of the body comp studies?

Answer 14

important to be active during adolescences

Question 15

What is the cross-sectional data by Dollman, Olds and Norton and Stuart?

Answer 15

Study compared more than 1400 Australian children from 1997 with a group from 1985
Results
1997 group was heavier, fatter and taller
slower in the 1.6 km walk-run and 50 m sprint
Differences did not occcur in the leaner and fitter children
Conclusion
being fatter = poorer performance

Question 16

What was the short term study done by Olds and Dollman?

Answer 16

Continued the 1997 study to determine if decreased performance was a result fo increased fatness or decreased activity level
compared 1997 to 1999 group
Matched 2 groups of fatness
Results demonstrated decrease performance was tied to decrease PA levels

Question 17

What was the short term study by Janz, Burn and Mahoney (1995)?

Answer 17

Longitudinal investigation of CVD risk factors
2yr follow up of 120 children starting at 10
Increase systolic BP was associated with increase body fatness and decreased physical fitness

Question 18

What was Barnett and van Beurden’s study in 2008?

Answer 18

Motor skills and fitness of children ages 8-12
Follow up 8 yrs later
control skill performance
Perhaps youth with good object control were likely to participate in physical activity

Question 19

What is Vedul-Kjelasa study?

Answer 19

self perception is related to motor skill competence and fotfitness

Question 20

What is Rivillis study ?

Answer 20

Recent review indicated that poor motor proficiency is associated with high body comp, low cardiorespiratory fitness, decrease strength and endurance, lower anaerobic capacity/power and decrease PA

Question 21

What are the general result of teh studies about motor skill and fitness?

Answer 21

Children with less motor proficiency are less fit

Promoting the development of motor skill in youths can have a positive effect on fitness

Question 22

What is the relationship between body comp and exerfsie in adults?

Answer 22

Average middle age loses fat free mass and again fat
Increase trunk fat is concerning
Increase trunk fat is associated with poor cardiovascular health
Old age - both fat free and fat mass declines
Obese die before old age
Exercise maintain muscle and fat levels
older active adult body comp compare favourable to younger adult population

Question 23

What were the results of Frontera and Fiatarone’s studies?

Answer 23

Both reported increase muscle area in the range of 4.8 -11.4% after 12 and 8 wk training
Both type I and II increase in size

Question 24

What was Schwartz’s study?

Answer 24

15 men 60-82 yrs on 6 month endurance program
Body fat decreased 2.3% waist circumference decreased 3.4%
Although loss of fat was small, loss in trunk area are significant for health risk reduction
aerobic endurance program the first body fat lost is visceral

Question 25

What is obesity?

Answer 25

rate are increased world wide
Obese children-obese adults
1/4 of US children are obese
Increase of 54% in children and 39% in adolescents over 20yrs
Parents think children have metabolic disorder (less than 1%)

Question 26

What is involved in obesity?

Answer 26

Interaction of genetic and evironmental factors
Genetic factors
-BMI is highly correlated in identical twins (even raised apart)
-influence basal metabolic rate, dietary thermogenesis, appetite contorl, and satiety , lipid metabolism and storge
Rapis increase of rate indicate environmental not Genetic

Question 27

What are complications to the issue?

Answer 27

Overweight children typically do not eat large quantities
Have small but daily caloric imbalance
relative modest adjustment of calories with good nutritional food can be effective

Question 28

How is exercise used as a strategy to reduce obesity?

Answer 28

Exercise can offset the decrease in basal metabolic rate that accompanies caloric restriction
Promotes development of muscle tissue (requires more calories for maintenance)
Expends calories
Exercise is effective in controlling obesity over a life span

Question 29

What is the North American data about obseity?

Answer 29

The US has less than 1/4 adults regularly exercising at least 30min/day adn 24% are sedentary
Overweight adults 41% of women and 33% of men are completely sedentary
Progress is greater with a combination than with exercise alone
Even a modest 10% drop of body weight can have substantial benefits for cholesterol levels, fasting glucose and BP