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MD4001 Physiology > Sensory Pathways 1 > Flashcards

Sensory Pathways 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 stages of senses

A

detection
transmission
recognition

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2
Q

what are the two main types of receptors

A

cutaneous

special senses

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3
Q

A alpha/ group 1

A

proprioceptors

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4
Q

A beta/ group 2

A

mechanoreceptors of skin

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5
Q

A delta/ group 3

A

pain temperature

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6
Q

C / group 4

A

temperature/ pain/ itch

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7
Q

free nerve endings

A

non specialist
pain
C and A delta
slowly adapting

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8
Q

merkel’s disks

A

static touch and pressure
A beta, epithelial cell and nerve fibre
slowly adapting
lips, extremities and genitals

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9
Q

meissner’s corpuscles

A

encapsulated nerve endings, dermal papillae, changes in touch and pressure, A beta
fingers, palmar and plantar surfaces

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10
Q

Pacini’s corpuscles

A

largest mechanoreceptors
onion like encapsulation of nerve endings
vibration
A beta

rapidly adapting
hands feet, nipples

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11
Q

hair follicle receptors

A

sensitive to hair movements

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12
Q

ruffini corpuscle

A

skin stretch

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13
Q

measures changes in length of muscle

A

muscle spindles

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14
Q

how do muscle spindles regulate muscle length

A

gamma reflex loop

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15
Q

describe the gamma reflex loop

A

when intrafusal fibres are stretched afferent fibres stimulate contraction of extrafusal fibres via alpha motor neurones

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16
Q

golgi tendon organs

A

detect tension in the muscle via type 1b sensory nerve endings which innervate a collagen matrixin the tendon

as the tendon stretches the endings depolaries and send information to the CNS

17
Q

Where do first order neurons projects to (conscious sensory tracts)

A

spinal cord or brainstem

18
Q

where do second order neurons project to (conscious sensory tracts)

A

thalamus

19
Q

where do third order neurons projects to (conscious sensory tracts)

A

cortex (somatosensory)

20
Q

intrafusal muscle fibres

A

proprioception

21
Q

what is the function of the thalamus

A

conduit for all sensory information except for some olfaction

reciprocal connections to all cortical regions and can relay information, recieve feedback and modulate cortical activity

22
Q

grey matter

A

cell bodies and dendrites

middle bit of spinal cord

23
Q

information from lower body extremities

A

fasciculus gracilis

24
Q

upper body extremities information

A

fasciculus cuneatus

25
Q

dorsal spinocerebellar tracts

A

proprioceptive information from muscle spindles

26
Q

ventral spinocerebellar (white matter)

A

proprioceptive information from golgi organs

27
Q

pain transmission in white matter of spinal cord

A

spinothalamic tract

28
Q 
composed of A beta fibres 
fasc. gracilis
fasciculus cuneatus
ascend ipsilaterally 
synapse in the brainstem
form the medial lemniscus and project to the ventral posterolateral lobe of the thalamus and then the cortex
dorsal column nuclei
A

dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway

conveys information from the skin and joints

29
Q

fasciculus cuneatus

A

above T6

30
Q

fasciculus gracilis

A

below t6

31
Q

what is lateral inhibition

A

the capacity of an excited neuron to reduce the activity of its neighbors. Lateral inhibition disables the spreading of action potentials from excited neurons to neighboring neurons in the lateral direction.

relies on reciprocal inhibition between two adjacent neurons

the purpose is to sharpen discrimination between two points

32
Q

what can cause gait ataxia

A

gracile fasciculus lesion due to the brain being deprived of sensory information from lower body extremities

can be compensated with vision

33
Q

what does a stamp and stick gait imply

A

gait or sensory ataxia

34
Q

what could cause parasthesia in the distal extremities

A

dorsal column disease

may be from ectopic discharge in dorsal column

35
Q

how can you test dorsal column function impairment

A

ability to feel changes in the position of toes and fingers or feel a tuning fork vibration

also Romberg’s sign- not a definitive sign

36
Q

what are the cortical functions of the dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway

A

determine the shape of an object without sight

determine the texture of an object

requires the somatosensory association area in the parietal lobe

37
Q

what is steriognosis

A

ability to detect 3D nature of an object and depth using touch

38
Q

what does a lesion of one somatosensory association cortex cause

A

amorphosynthesis

patient is unaware of sensation on one side of the body, contralateral to the lesion
patient cannot localise pain and temperature but can feel it

MD4001 Physiology (19 decks)

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