Motor Control 1

Question 1

Where do lateral motor pathways project to

Answer 1

distal muscles

Question 2

where do medial motor pathways project to

Answer 2

proximal and axial muscles

Question 3

what is clarkes nucleus

Answer 3

control of unconscious proprioception

Question 4

rubrospinal pathway

Answer 4

UL flexor facillitator

crosses in the midbrain

Question 5

reticulospinal

Answer 5

feed forward maintenance of posture

postural adjustments and muscle tone

Question 6

vestibulospinal

Answer 6

postural stability

extensor of proximal and axial muscles

Question 7

anterior spinocerebellar

Answer 7

integrated lower limb unconscious proprioception

Question 8

posterior spinocerebellar

Answer 8

non integrated lower limb unconscious proprioception

Question 9

cuneocerebellar tract

Answer 9

UL non integrated descending modulatory motor

Question 10

rostral cerebellar

Answer 10

integrated UL descending modulatory motor

Question 11

tectospinal

Answer 11

yokes together head and eye movements

Question 12

where does sharp pain cross in the spinal cord

Answer 12

anterior commissure

Question 13

ventromedial pathways

Answer 13

posture and locomotion
axial and proximal muscles
brainstem control

Question 14

lateral pathways

Answer 14

controls voluntary movements
distal muscles
controlled by cerebral cortex via corticospinal tracts

Question 15

what is feedforward control of stability

Answer 15

anticipating and preparing for predicted instability

Question 16

what inputs control posture

Answer 16

muscle proprioceptors

vestibular apparatus which derives sense of balance from gravity and head movements

visual inputs

converges in the brainstem

Question 17

medial vestibular nucleus

Answer 17

bilateral medial vestibular tracts

found in the medulla

controls head position

Question 18

lateral vestibular nucleus

Answer 18

ipsilateral tract which is part of the involuntary system
despite being quite lateral

provides extensor control over ipsilateral proximal limb and axial muscles

Question 19

lateral vestibulospinal pathway

Answer 19

facilitates ipsilateral extensor motor neurones and inhibits flexor motor neurones innervating the proximal and axial muscles

enhances muscles spindle mediated stretch reflexes

increases tone to antigravity muscles when a loss of postural instability is detected

Question 20

vestibulocollic reflex

Answer 20

keeps the head stable by acting on the neck

Question 21

cervicocollic reflex

Answer 21

mediated proprioceptively by muscle spindles in neck muscles

causes the head to return to its normal position in space by counteracting the action of stretched muscles

Question 22

cervicospinal reflex

Answer 22

position of the neck alters tone in the muscles of the arm

Question 23

pontine reticular nucleus

Answer 23

excitatory part of the reticulospinal pathway (feedforward maintainance of posture)

Question 24

medullary reticular nucleus

Answer 24

inhibitory part of reticulospinal pathway

Question 25

where does information for integration in the reticulum come from

Answer 25

cortical areas
vestibular nuclei
proprioception
cerebellar output

information is processed in the reticulum

Question 26

how is reticulospinal corrective output executed

Answer 26

alpha motor neurons innervate trunk and proximal limb effectors

exitation/inhibition of gamma motor neurons which increase muscle tone

Question 27

how is the reticular pathway (medullary part) linked to the limbic system

Answer 27

physical expression of emotion aka body language

Question 28

where does the tectospinal pathway arise

Answer 28

superior colliculus which receives direct input from the retina