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MD4001 Physiology > Motor Control 3 > Flashcards

Motor Control 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum

A

anterior, posterior, flocculonodular

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2
Q

which lobe is the vestibulocerebellum part of

A

flocculonodular

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3
Q

what is the function of the flocculonodular lobe

A

balance and posture

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4
Q

what is the name for the middle part of the cerebellum

A

vermis (worm)

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5
Q

what are the principle afferents of the cerebellum

A

pre and primary motor cortex and somatosensory cortex via
pontine nuclei & middle
peduncle

Reticular nuclei
& Olives via inferior
peduncle

Vestibular nuclei via inferior
peduncle

Dorsal (via inferior peduncle) and ventral (via
superior peduncle) ascending spinal
proprioception

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6
Q

what is the function of the flocculonodular lobe

A

maintains balance and posture

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7
Q

what is the function of the spinocerebellum

A

modulates axial/ antigravity muscles and eye movement

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8
Q

whatis the function of the cerebrocerebellum

A

motor planning and feeds information towards the cerebrum
sequence and coordinate distal muscles esp. during locomotion or
juggling etc.

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9
Q

what is the input to the cerebrocerebellum

A

motor and premotor cortices and somatosensory cortex via multiple pontine nuclei

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10
Q

what is the spinocerebellum input

A

ascending sensory spinal pathways derived principally from proprioceptors to the spinocerebellum

contains a somatotopical map of the body

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11
Q

what is the input to the vestibulocerebellum

A

vestibular nuclei

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12
Q

what mnemonic can be used to remember cerebellar output

A

lat to med

don’t eat greasy food

dentate nucleus
emboliform nucleus
globose nucleus
fastigial nucleus

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13
Q

what is the target of the rostral fastigial nucleus

A

medial descending systems

(trunk and proximal muscles via reticular formation)

motor execution

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14
Q

what is the target of the interposed nucleus

A

lateral descending systems

(distal and extremities via spindles)

motor execution

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15
Q

what is the target area of the dentate nucleus

A

motor and premotor cortices

motor planning function

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16
Q

what is the target of the caudal fastigial nucleus

A

vestibular nuclei, tectum, cranial nerve nuclei

head and eye movements

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17
Q

how does the cerebellum modulate motor output

A

integration of activity in pre motor and motor areas plus spinal motor circuits

and sensory feedback from vestibular system, visual system, ascending proprioceptive information

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18
Q

where is modulation by the cerebellum effected

A

motor cortex and brainstem

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19
Q

where does information from the vestibular apparatus go

A

passed to the flocculonodular lobe, vermal and paravermal areas

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20
Q

what is the function of the olivary information

A

enables calculation of predicted posture in advance of it happening, so feed forward posture allows fast postural changes

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21
Q

what is Flocculonodular lobe syndrome

A

seen in children with medulloblastoma

truncal ataxia, wide based stance and swaying

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22
Q

how does proprioceptive information arrive at the spinocerebellum

A

via spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts

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23
Q

where is motor intention information to the spinocerebellum sent from

A

motor cortex

24
Q

what movement does the spinocerebellum modulate

A

truncal and UL and fingers

25
Q

how does the spinocerebellum work

A

planned and actual motor output are compared and corrective signals are sent via the thalamus to the cerebra and red nucleus and vestibular nuclei

26
Q

what is anterior lobe syndrome

A

errors with the spinocerebellum

overshoot, intention tremous and lack of movement damping

27
Q

how does information arrive at the cerebrocerebellum

A

cortex via pontine nuclei

28
Q

describe the pathway for output from the cerebrocerebellum concerning the order and timing of movements

A

routed through the dentate nucleus and back via the thalamus to the cortex

29
Q

what are the functions of the cerebrocerebellum

A

sequencing and timing of complex movements

also to predict the movement of objects or the movement of oneself in relation to objects

30
Q

what is the result of medial cerebellar lesions

A

medial descending pathways affected

unsteady gait; truncal ataxia, problems with balance,
posture and eye movement abnormalities (nystagmus)

31
Q

how does information arrive at the cerebrocerebellum

A

cortex via pontine nuclei

32
Q

why are medial lesions to the vermis bilateral (trunk and proximal muscles)

A

the medial motor system innervation is bilateral

33
Q

what is the effect of lateral cerebellar lesions

A

affect control of distal muscles, motor planning (areas of the cerebellum that control muscles of extremities)
results in limb ataxia

34
Q

what is the effect of lesions of the cerebrocerebellum

A

delay in initiation of movement

decomposition of multijoint movements (loss of complex motor skills)

35
Q

why do unilateral cerebellar lesions give ipsilateral effects

A

output from the cerebellum is contralateral to the motor centres which then cross back at the pyramids (double cross)

36
Q

why are medial lesions to the vermis bilateral (trunk and proximal muscles)

A

the medial motor system innervation is bilateral

37
Q

what is the effect of lateral cerebellar lesions

A

affect control of distal muscles, motor planning (areas of the cerebellum that control muscles of extremities)
results in limb ataxia

38
Q

what is the effect of lesions of the cerebrocerebellum

A

delay in initiation of movement

decomposition of multijoint movements (loss of complex motor skills)

39
Q

what is the effect of lesions in the vermis (spinocerebellum)

A

axial and trunk muscles affected so makes balance unsteady- wide stance

slowed and slurred speech

40
Q

what is the effect of lesions of the intermediate lobe (spinocerebellum)

A

distal muscles affected and limb ataxia and action tremour

41
Q

what are the five subcortical structures of the basal ganglia

A 
caudate nucleus (includes nucleus accumbens)
putamen 
globus pallidus 
subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra
42
Q

what is the neostriatum made up of

A

caudate nuclues and putamen

43
Q

what is the function of the basal ganglia

A

refinement and initiation of motor output and the emotial and reward aspects of motor output (limbic loop)
behavioural and learning influence

can initiate movement

44
Q

what can basal ganglia lesions cause

A

problems ‘getting going’

45
Q

what is the collective name for the putamen and the cordate nucleus

A

neostriatum

46
Q

describe the accelerator direct pathway

in which the medial GP acts as a brake to movement

A

cerebral cortex excites the neostriatum with glutamate
neostriatum inhibits the GP medial lobe with GABA
the medial lobe usually inhibits the thalamus

Increased activity at the thalamus results in increased cerebral stimulation and so, increased movement

47
Q

describe the Indirect pathway ‘The brake’: In which the medial G. Pallidus also acts like a brake

A
  1. Cerebral cortex excites the neostriatum with glutamate
  2. Neostriatum inhibits the Globus Pallidus lateral lobe with GABA
  3. The lateral lobe normally inhibits the subthalamic nucleus (GABA) but as it is inhibited, the subthalamic
    nucleus activity rises
  4. The subthalamic nucleus then increases its normal excitation of the medial lobe of the Globus Pallidus
    which increases its activity
  5. Increased activity at medial lobe (brake to movement) results in increased inhibition of the thalamus and
    so a reduction in cerebral stimulation .
  6. This in turn results in reduced movement
48
Q

what are the two parts of the substantia nigra

A

pars reticularis

pars compacta

49
Q

what is parkinsons disease

A

progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurones of the substantia nigra

loss of dopamine leads to hypokinesia

50
Q

how does parkinsons disease cause hypokinesia

A

a decrease in the direct pathway activity

an increase in the indirect pathway activity

51
Q

what are the characteristics of parkinsons disease

A 
bradykinesia
difficulty initiating movement (akinesia)
increased muscle tone 
tremour of the hands and jaw at rest 
cognitive impairement
52
Q

what are the features of huntingtons disease

A

heritable mutation resuting in malformed protein

loss of encephalinergic and GABAergic neurons in the neostriatum (caudate nucleus)
leading to a decrease in the activity of the indirect pathway

53
Q

what are the characteristics of huntingtons disease

A

wildly flailing limbs and contorted posture
reduced ability to saccade (movement of the eye between two fixed points)
abnormal emotional responses
reduced cognitive ability

54
Q

when does Huntingtons normally occur

A

50s

life expectancy is 15 years after diagnosis

55
Q

how is tourettes related to the basal ganglia

A

believed to be a hyperkinetic disease of the basal ganglia

MD4001 Physiology (19 decks)

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